Kinesiology Joint Movement Overview
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Questions and Answers

A 2D motion can occur around three axes such as x, y, and z.

False (B)

A completely unconstrained segment has 6 degrees of freedom available.

True (A)

Flexion and extension occur in the frontal plane around a sagittal axis.

False (B)

Arthrokinematics involves the three anatomical rotations of the human body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The direction of segmental rotation in flexion brings dorsal surfaces of adjacent segments closer together.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Displacement measures the linear distance a body moves from its starting position to its ending position regardless of the path taken.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Velocity is a scalar measure that describes the time rate of displacement without considering direction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rolling, sliding, and spinning are all types of movements that occur in joints.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Angular displacement measures the number of degrees or radians of rotation, such as a knee flexed through an angular rotation of 40 degrees.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compression is classified as an accessory motion that does not affect joint movement.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The frontal axis runs from anterior to posterior.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sagittal axis movements commonly include flexion and extension.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The long axis is oriented vertically and allows for external rotation movements.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osteokinematics refers to movements that occur within the joint and cannot be performed voluntarily by the patient.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Component motions are always under voluntary control.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Joint play refers to the passive movements that can be demonstrated but not performed actively by the patient.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The frontal axis is at a right angle to the sagittal plane of motion.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Internal rotation is a common movement associated with the sagittal axis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A body rotates about a single axis of rotation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

General motion in living organisms involves only linear motions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kinematics focuses on the forces that produce or change motion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Statically balanced forces in a body mean that the sum of forces is not equal to zero.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dynamics deals with systems where forces are balanced.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kinematic variables can only be assessed qualitatively.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Velocity is defined as the rate of change of acceleration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Force is a scalar quantity that only has magnitude.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

External mechanics are defined as factors that produce movement from inside the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Muscle contraction is a part of internal mechanics that controls movement.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Displacement is a scalar quantity and measures how far the body has moved.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Angular velocity is expressed in meters per second (m/sec).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Speed is a vector measure of displacement per unit time that includes direction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of distance with respect to time.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A three-dimensional motion analysis system can document changes in displacement over time.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kinematic analysis involves studying the motion of objects without considering the forces acting on them.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rate of displacement is defined as the total distance traveled divided by the time taken.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Distance measures the final change in position from the starting to the ending position.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An electrogoniometer is used to measure the magnitude of joint motion.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The final change in position is referred to as vector distance.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Weight is calculated using the formula W = (mass)(gravity) where gravity is approximately 9.81 m/sec2.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The unit of force is expressed in kilograms per meter per second squared (kg/m/sec2).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Internal forces are generated from external sources, such as gravity and wind.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A force induces acceleration of the object proportional to the mass of that object, as defined by the equation F = (m)(a).

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gravity acts on an object's center of mass, impacting the net force vector applied.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The push and pull of wind on an athlete's body is categorized as an internal force.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In angular movement, the moment of inertia represents the resistance to a change in linear motion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An idealized force vector represents the net effect of all individual force vectors acting on an object.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Angular Motion

Motion of a body about an axis of rotation. A body can rotate around many different axes.

General Motion

Combining linear and angular motions. Most movements in living organisms are general.

Kinematics

Describing movement without considering the forces that cause it. Focuses on things like time, displacement, speed, and direction.

Kinetics

Study of the forces that cause or change motion, like producing or changing speed or direction.

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Statics

Study of bodies at rest or with constant velocity (no acceleration). Forces are balanced.

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Dynamics

Study of bodies with unbalanced forces, causing them to accelerate or change direction.

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Biomechanics

Study of biological movement mechanics, including both statics and dynamics.

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Vector Quantity

A quantity with both magnitude and direction, like force or velocity.

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Scalar Quantity

A quantity with only magnitude, like speed or distance—no direction needed.

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Internal Mechanics

Mechanical factors controlling movement from within the body, like muscle contractions and ligaments.

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2D motion of a body segment

Describes motion around two axes (e.g., x and y) in two planes; has 2 degrees of freedom (DOF).

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3D motion of a body segment

Describes motion around three axes (x, y, and z) in three planes; has 6 degrees of freedom (DOF).

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Degrees of Freedom (DOF)

The number of independent ways a body segment can move.

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Osteokinematics

Anatomical rotations of a joint(e.g., flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, internal/external rotation).

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Flexion/Extension

Movement around the same axis, but in opposite directions in a plane (e.g., sagittal plane).

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Frontal Axis

An axis running from side to side, perpendicular to the sagittal plane. Associated with movements like flexion and extension.

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Sagittal Axis

An axis running from front to back, perpendicular to the frontal plane. Associated with movements like abduction and adduction.

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Long/Vertical Axis

An axis running straight up and down, perpendicular to the transverse plane. Associated with internal and external rotation.

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Arthrokinematics

The movements within a joint and surrounding tissues necessary for range of motion (ROM), but not consciously controlled by the patient.

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Component Motions

Joint motions that accompany active motion, but are involuntary.

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Joint Play

Motions between articular surfaces needed for normal joint function.

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Range of Motion (ROM)

The total amount of movement possible at a joint.

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Rolling Motion

One bone surface rolling over another, like a ball rolling on the ground.

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Sliding Motion

One bone surface gliding across another, with no rolling or spinning.

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Spinning Motion

Rotation of a body segment around a fixed axis, like rotating your forearm.

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What is displacement in biomechanics?

The overall change in position of a body from its starting point to its ending point, regardless of the path.

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What is the difference between speed and velocity?

Speed is how fast something is moving, while velocity is speed with a direction.

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What does goniometry measure?

Goniometry measures the angle of joint motion, indicating how far a joint can move in a specific direction.

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What is displacement?

Displacement is the change in an object's position from its starting point to its ending point, regardless of the path taken.

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Distance vs. Displacement

Distance is the total length of the path traveled, while displacement is the straight-line change in position from start to finish.

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What is velocity?

Velocity is the rate of change in displacement over time, indicating both speed and direction.

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What is angular displacement?

Angular displacement measures the change in an object's angle of rotation around a fixed axis.

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What is speed?

Speed is the rate of change in distance over time, indicating how fast an object is moving without considering direction.

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What is acceleration?

Acceleration is the rate of change in velocity over time, indicating how quickly an object's speed or direction changes.

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What is angular velocity?

Angular velocity measures how fast an object rotates around a fixed axis.

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What is linear velocity?

Linear velocity is the velocity of a translating segment, expressed in meters per second (m/s).

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Linear acceleration vs. Angular acceleration

Linear acceleration is the rate of change in linear velocity, while angular acceleration is the rate of change in angular velocity.

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Inertia

The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion. It's the reason why it takes effort to start moving a stationary object or to stop a moving one.

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Moment of Inertia

The resistance of an object to changes in its rotational motion. It depends on the object’s mass distribution and the axis of rotation.

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Force

A push or pull that can change an object's motion. It has magnitude (strength) and direction.

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What is the equation for force?

Force (F) equals mass (m) times acceleration (a): F = ma. This means greater mass or acceleration requires greater force.

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Gravity

The force of attraction between any two objects with mass. The Earth's gravity pulls on objects near its surface.

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Weight

The force of gravity acting on an object's mass. It's measured in Newtons.

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Internal Forces

Forces generated within the body itself, like muscle contractions, ligament tension, and bone-on-bone forces.

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External Forces

Forces acting on the body from outside sources, like gravity, wind, water, or objects.

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Study Notes

Biomechanics Overview

  • Biomechanics is the study of motion and its causes in living tissues (humans and animals).
  • It uses conceptual and mathematical tools to understand movement and improve it.
  • Professionals use biomechanics to improve movement and make it safer.
  • Effective and safest movement patterns, equipment, and exercises are essential to biomechanics.
  • Physical educators, coaches, athletic trainers, and physical therapists use biomechanics.

Subtopics of Biomechanics

  • Biomechanics: the study of the movement of living things (tissues/systems) using the science of mechanics.
  • Mechanics: the study of motion and how forces lead to motion.
  • Biomechanics studies the structure, function of biological systems using the methods of mechanics.
  • Study of internal and external forces and their effects on the human body.

Orthopedic Biomechanics

  • Ortho: adjusting something to be "straight" and correct, especially for children.
  • Orthopedic: deals directly with bone treatment and musculoskeletal disorders.
  • Study of motion and forces in the human musculoskeletal system.
  • Art of correcting and preventing deformities in children.

Areas of Study & Research

  • Sport & Exercise Science
  • Coaching
  • Ergonomic equipment design
  • Gait & Locomotion
  • Orthopedics - Rehabilitation (Physical & Occupational Therapy)
  • Prosthetics and Orthotics
  • Motor Control
  • Computer Simulation
  • Video Games

Subdivisions Focused on Injury Prevention & Rehabilitation

  • Exercise & Sport Biomechanics: Improving athletic performance, reducing injuries, identifying risk factors, and developing preventative programs.
  • ACL prevention rehabilitation program.
  • Study changes in joint biomechanics after injury to develop proper rehabilitation programs.
  • Orthopedic biomechanics: Uses artificial limbs, joints, and orthoses to improve functional movement capacity and studies natural & artificial biological tissues.
  • Occupational biomechanics (Ergonomics): Focusing on reducing workplace injuries.
  • Investigates diverse biological systems (swimming, locomotion).
  • Comparative biomechanics: (e.g., swimming in fish, locomotion in apes) and horse and dog racing performance.
  • Engineers and occupational therapists design assistive equipment to prevent work-related injuries in a range of professions.
  • Prosthetics and artificial limbs aim to match the mechanical properties of the missing limb.
  • Orthotics: Correct deformities and positioning, providing assistive devices like canes and walkers.

Key Concepts in Biomechanical Testing

  • Biomechanical testing can identify aberrant movement patterns & altered neural strategies caused by injuries.
  • These issues may not be readily apparent in standard clinical tests.
  • Testing is clinically applicable in predicting potential future injuries.

Movement Types

  • Translational (Linear) Motion: Body moves along a straight (rectilinear) or curved (curvilinear) line.
  • Rotational Motion: Body rotates around an axis.
  • Movement patterns in living organisms are combinations of linear and rotational motion.
  • Examples: walking (thigh moving linearly with rotation at hip), basketball (linear to rim with rotation)

Human Movement Mechanics

  • Internal Mechanics: Mechanical factors producing movement—muscle contraction and ligaments.
  • External Mechanics: Work from outside the body—gravity and trauma.
  • Describing vs. identifying factors involved in movement production & control.

Statics & Dynamics

  • Statics: Constant state of motion—all forces balanced (ΣF =0).
  • Dynamics: Unbalanced forces present (ΣF ≠0), causing objects to alter speed or direction.

Kinematics

  • Kinematics: Describes movement without considering the forces causing it.
  • Includes aspects of time (speeding up/slowing down/duration) and space (direction, how far , location).
  • Variables: Displacement: the change in position, regardless of direction (magnitude/direction)
  • Velocity: measure of the rate of change of displacement (magnitude/direction).
  • Acceleration: rate of change of velocity (magnitude/direction).
  • Speed: scalar equivalent of velocity, representing only magnitude.
  • Angular equivalent variables include angular displacement, angular velocity, and angular acceleration.

Kinematics Assessment

  • Qualitative: Using observations (good/bad).
  • Quantitative: Using numerical data to improve accuracy & precision.

Scalar vs. Vector Quantities

  • Vector: Quantities with both magnitude and direction (e.g., force).
  • Scalar: Quantities with only magnitude (e.g., distance).

Kinematic Features

  • Temporal Kinematics: related to time: providing a measure of duration for a particular event e.g. time in the air during jump, duration of foot contact with ground etc...
  • Spatial Characteristics: related to space: location/direction of displacement, type of displacement , magnitude of displacement etc...

Angular Motion

  • Angular motion is the movement of an object along a circular path around an axis.
  • Force induces linear acceleration, whereas torque induces angular acceleration.

Coordinate Systems

  • Coordinate system for body segment analysis.
  • 3 axes: x, y, z (or X, Y, Z).
  • 6 degrees of freedom for complete descriptions of body motion (3 translational & 3 rotational).
  • Anatomical positions: defining points of origin and axes that relate to human body posture. (Coronal, Sagittal, Transverse) planes

Joint Movements

  • Osteokinematics: Voluntary movements of a joint. (Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Pronation, Supination, Rotation)
  • Arthrokinematics or Component Motions: Accessory motions of a joint, important for movement and often not voluntary.
  • Joint plays and component movements involve rolling, sliding, and spinning motions of joint surfaces.

Additional Kinematic Measures

  • Goniometry: Measuring the magnitude (angle) of movements accurately.
  • Motion Analysis Methods: Using video technology to measure range, magnitude, and direction of displacement , velocity, and acceleration. Measures of ROM are included.

Kinetics

  • Kinetics focuses on forces that cause motion.
  • Linear Kinetics: if force is enough to overcome resistance, movement will be linear.
  • Angular Kinetics: Causes angular motion.
  • Mass, force, inertia, and torque.

Forces: Internal & External

  • Internal forces: Generated by muscles, ligaments, bones, & blood flow.
  • External forces: External factors that push or pull on the body (gravity, wind, contact with a surface or another body).

Center of Mass (COM)

  • Center of Mass (CoM): Single point representing the body's mass distribution.
  • Used to simplify calculations.
  • Crucial in analyzing forces acting on body.
  • Com acts as balanced point.

Posture Analysis

  • Evaluating posture for appropriate or inappropriate alignment.
  • Identification of relevant posture-related problems in joints, symmetry, and alignment of hips, shoulders, knees, ankles.

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Biomechanics Lectures PDF

Description

This quiz covers essential concepts of 2D motion, joint movement, and arthrokinematics. Explore the degrees of freedom, types of motions occurring in joints, and the measurement of displacement and velocity. Test your understanding of anatomical rotations and their significance in kinesiology.

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