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Questions and Answers
Chondrocytes are nourished by blood vessels.
False
Fibrocartilage is a mixture of dense connective tissue and articular cartilage.
False
Fibrocartilage is primarily located in the intraarticular discs of extremities.
True
Chondrocytes and fibroblasts are the main cells found in fibrocartilage.
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Aneural tissues have a rich blood supply.
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Fibrocartilage provides the resilience and shock absorption of articular cartilage.
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Fibrocartilage's primary function is to provide muscle contraction.
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Bone is considered a specialized connective tissue.
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Chondrocytes can repair themselves easily when damaged.
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Type II fibers are thicker and stiffer than type I fibers.
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Elastin fibers create a netlike interweaving of small fibrils.
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Tissues with a high proportion of elastin do not return to their original shape after being deformed.
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Ground substance is a water-saturated matrix that contains only elastin fibers.
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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are neutrally charged and repel water.
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Water in periarticular connective tissues provides a solid medium for nutrient diffusion.
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Cells in periarticular connective tissues are responsible for maintaining and repairing the tissues.
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Skeletal muscle cells provide significant mechanical properties to periarticular connective tissues.
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Type I fibers provide a flexible woven framework for maintaining the general shape of structures like hyaline cartilage.
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The movement of one articular surface on another is under voluntary control.
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If the joint structures are tight, the joint will have too much play and become instable.
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According to the Convex-Concave Rule, for a convex-on-concave surface movement, the convex member rolls and slides in the same directions.
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For a concave-on-convex surface movement, the concave member rolls and slides in opposite directions.
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During abduction without a concurrent inferior slide, the humeral head can impinge against the arch.
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In a close-packed position, ligaments and the capsule are not pulled taut.
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A joint in a close-packed position is resistant to tensile forces that tend to cause distraction of the joint surfaces.
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Active range of motion refers to the maximum force exerted by extensors in the middle range.
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The knee joint is an example of a ball and socket shape joint.
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Impure swing involves pure back and forth movement around a fixed pivot point in one plane.
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A knee joint that is relatively externally rotated when fully extended has combined movements of roll-and-slide.
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Degrees of freedom in joint movement represent the number of independent movements allowed at a joint.
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The end feel in range of motion (ROM) assessment refers to the amount of muscle force exerted at the end of a movement.
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External force by a therapist moving one articular surface relative to another is used to assess the amount of joint play.
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Physiological barrier refers to the limit determined by the end feel in a joint's active range of motion.
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Passive range of motion involves maximum force exerted by flexors in the inner range.
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Spin in osteokinematics refers to rotation around a joint axis.
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Side-to-side translation is an example of angular motion in osteokinematics.
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A tissue that is elongated beyond its physiologic range eventually reaches its yield point.
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Increased strain results in only marginal increased stress (compression).
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The physical behavior of an overstretched tissue is known as elasticity.
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Zone C of the stress-strain curve represents the plastic zone.
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Plastic energy is fully recoverable when the deforming force is removed.
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Most healthy tendons fail at about 20-25% beyond their prestretched length.
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Young’s modulus defines the resistance offered by a material to external loads.
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When a structure can no longer support a load, it is said to have reached its yield point.
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Ultimate stress is the strain at the point of failure of a material.
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Study Notes
Chondrocytes and Cartilage
- Chondrocytes are nourished by blood vessels, allowing for cellular health and repair.
- Fibrocartilage combines dense connective tissue with articular cartilage, providing structural support.
- Located primarily in intraarticular discs of extremities, fibrocartilage aids in joint function.
- Key cell types in fibrocartilage include chondrocytes and fibroblasts, essential for maintenance and repair.
Tissue Properties and Functions
- Aneural tissues, despite lacking nerve supply, have a rich blood circulation for nutrient delivery.
- Fibrocartilage offers resilience and shock absorption, essential for joint protection and mobility.
- The primary function of fibrocartilage is to facilitate muscle contraction and maintain joint stability.
- Bone, categorized as specialized connective tissue, plays a crucial role in structural support and movement.
Fiber Composition and Properties
- Type II fibers are thicker and stiffer than type I fibers, providing durability to cartilage.
- Elastin fibers create a flexible network; tissues high in elastin do not return to their original shape after deformation.
- Ground substance is a water-saturated matrix critical for nutrient diffusion and tissue hydration.
- Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are negatively charged, playing a role in maintaining fluid balance in tissues.
Joint Mechanics
- The movement of one articular surface over another is mainly under voluntary control.
- Tight joint structures can lead to instability as they allow excessive play.
- According to the Convex-Concave Rule, convex-on-concave movements result in rolling and sliding in the same direction, while concave-on-convex movements slide in opposite directions.
- During specific movements like abduction, without appropriate slides, impingement can occur (e.g., the humeral head against the arch).
Joint Position and Motion
- A close-packed joint position has taut ligaments and resists tensile forces, stabilizing joint surfaces.
- Active range of motion is the maximum force exerted by extensors during movement, representing functional capacity.
- The knee joint is an example of a ball-and-socket joint, allowing multi-directional movement.
- Degrees of freedom in joint movement denote the number of independent motions permitted at a joint.
Range of Motion Assessment
- End feel in range of motion refers to the resistance felt at the limit of movement, influenced by muscle force.
- Joint play can be assessed by external forces applied by a therapist to one articular surface relative to another.
- The physiological barrier signifies limits set by the end feel in an active range of motion assessment.
- Passive range of motion is the maximum force exerted by flexors in their inner range, indicating muscle-tendon integrity.
Stress-Strain Relationships
- Spin in osteokinematics describes rotation around a joint axis, while side-to-side translation is an example of angular motion.
- Tissues elongated beyond their physiological range will eventually reach a yield point, indicating structural integrity limit.
- Increased strain leads to marginal increases in stress, showing the relationship between deformation and load.
- Elasticity of overstretched tissues is defined by their ability to return to original form.
- Zone C of the stress-strain curve indicates the plastic zone where permanent deformation occurs.
Material Properties
- Plastic energy can be fully recovered once the deforming force is stripped away.
- Tendons typically fail at 20-25% beyond their prestretched length, underscoring limits of flexibility and strength.
- Young’s modulus quantifies a material's resistance to external loads, reflecting its mechanical properties.
- The yield point indicates failure when a structure can no longer support applied loads, leading to ultimate stress reflected at the material's failure point.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the arthrokinematic principles of movement, including concepts like accessory motion, joint stability, and the Convex-Concave Rule. Understand how joint structures and external forces impact the movement between articular surfaces.
