Kinesiology Fundamentals Quiz

Movement Terms

• Anatomical position: feet and palms facing forward, standing erect
• Sagittal plane: side-to-side movement, frontal axis
• Anterior: front
• Posterior: back
• Frontal plane: front-to-back movement, sagittal axis
• Superior: upward
• Inferior: downward
• Proximal: closer to point of attachment
• Distal: further from point of attachment
• Superficial: closer to surface
• Deep: further from surface
• Pronation: turning palms inward
• Supination: turning palms forward
• Abduction: away from midline
• Adduction: towards midline
• Inversion: sole of foot turned inward
• Eversion: sole of foot turned outward
• Dorsiflexion: foot turned upward
• Plantar flexion: foot turned downward
• Flexion: reduces angle between joints
• Extension: increases angle between joints
• Protraction: shoulders move inward
• Retraction: shoulders move outward
• Opposition: thumb touches other fingers
• Reposition: thumb returns to neutral position
• Circumduction: combination of movements (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction)
• Medial and Lateral Rotation

Skeletal System

• Bones are organs
• Appendicular skeleton: limbs and girdles
• Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, bony thorax, sacrum, coccyx
• Skull: joined by immovable joints (except jawbone)
• Hyoid bone: floating bone
• Vertebral column: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacrum, 4 coccyx
• True ribs: 1-7
• False ribs: 8-12
• Floating ribs: last two pairs
• Long bones: epiphyseal lines (femur), tubular structure with cavity
• Short bones: no medullary cavity (spongy bone)
• Flat bones: "protective," thin, large surface area (cranium)
• Sesamoid bones: small, embedded in tendons or joint capsules (patella)
• Irregular bones: specialized shape, function (vertebrae)
• Spongy bone: cancellous bone, lots of open space
• Compact bone: cortical bone, dense
• Osteoclasts: break down bone
• Osteoblasts: build bone
• Osteocytes: mature bone cells
• Endochondral ossification: cartilage model forms, then replaced by bone

Growth and Development of Bones

• Growth of cartilage model: chondrocytes divide, allowing cartilage in center to grow
• Calcification of cartilage: apoptosis of chondrocytes, forming a scaffold for bone
• Primary ossification: osteoblasts start to replace cartilage with bone
• Secondary ossification centers appear
• Formation of epiphyseal plate: allow for continued growth until early adulthood/ossifies
• Types of fractures: greenstick, compound, spiral, comminuted
• Fracture repair: blood clot, fibrocartilage and collagen, bony callus.

Joint Types and Muscular Systems

• Muscle cell = muscle fiber
• Fascicle: bundle of muscle fibers
• Actin: thin filament
• Myosin: thick filament
• Muscle tissue arrangement: perimysium, endomysium, and epimysium
• Myofibrils: long ribbon-like fibers within muscle cells
• Myofilaments: thread-like proteins in myofibrils
• Types of contractions: concentric, eccentric, isometric
• Origin: immoveable attachment
• Insertion: moveable attachment
• Types of muscles: cardiac, smooth, skeletal
• Syngergistic muscles: help produce a movement
• Antagonistic muscles: oppose movement
• Fixators: stabilize origin of prime mover

Energy Systems

• Anaerobic respiration
• Aerobic respiration
• ATP-PC system (Anaerobic alactic)
• Glycolysis (Aerobic lactic)
• Aerobic system (Cellular respiration)
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium ions for contraction
• T tubules receive signals for SR. All or none law of contraction in single muscle fibers as stimulus triggers whole muscle contraction in graded response.
• Motor unit: One motor neuron and all of the muscle cells it stimulates. Graded responses: different degrees of contraction occurring by changing frequency of muscle stimulation, or by varying the number of muscle cells being stimulated.

Respiratory System

• Internal respiration: gas exchange at tissue level
• External respiration: gas exchange in lungs
• Conducting zone (organs for gas transfer)
• Respiratory zone (gas exchange)
• Tidal volume air in and out in a breath
• Vo2max: maximal rate of oxygen use during exercise
• Oxygen deficit, ventilatory threshold, lactate threshold
• Asthma: inflammation of bronchioles, reducing air flow and increasing mucus
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): damages alveoli, reduces elasticity
• Cystic fibrosis: genetic disorder causing mucus buildup in lungs
• Pneumonia: inflammation of lungs (infection caused by bacteria, virus, or fungus)

Cardiovascular System

• Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with blood.
• Pulmonary circuit: deoxygenated blood to lungs
• Systemic circuit: oxygenated blood to body
• Arteries: carry blood away from heart
• Veins: carry blood towards heart
• Capillaries: site of gas exchange
• Systolic blood pressure: contraction of the heart
• Diastolic blood pressure: relaxation of the heart
• Sinoatrial (SA) node: pacemaker of the heart
• Atrioventricular (AV) node: transmission of signal through heart bundle
• Cardiac output: amount of blood pumped by heart in a minute

Nutrients

• Carbohydrates: main source of energy (45-60%), 4 calories/gram
• Protein: builds muscle (15-20%), 4 calories/gram
• Fats: protects and cushions body (20-35%), 9 calories/gram
• Micronutrients: needed in small amounts (vitamins, minerals)
• Macronutrients: needed in large amounts (fats, proteins, carbs, water)

Sports Performance and Training

• Glycemic index: ranks carbohydrates
• Female Athlete Triad
• Training principles (FITT)
• Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type
• Overload
• Progression
• Individual differences
• Training methods
• Reversibility
• Diminishing returns: training gains reflect prior level of training
• Periodization
• Plyometrics
• Resistance
• Concurrent training
• Interval training
• Fartlek
• Ergogenic aids

Other

• Supercharging with vitamins and minerals: scientific belief is that vitamins and minerals are only needed if deficient. Too much can be harmful.
• Important information related to performance, the drug list, and notable quotes from various sources.