Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which movement occurs in the sagittal plane?
Which movement occurs in the sagittal plane?
What is the anatomical term for a structure that is closer to the surface of the body?
What is the anatomical term for a structure that is closer to the surface of the body?
Which of the following best describes the movement of supination?
Which of the following best describes the movement of supination?
Which of the following is NOT part of the axial skeleton?
Which of the following is NOT part of the axial skeleton?
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Which type of bone is the patella?
Which type of bone is the patella?
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What is the primary function of red bone marrow?
What is the primary function of red bone marrow?
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Which cells are responsible for breaking down bone tissue during remodeling?
Which cells are responsible for breaking down bone tissue during remodeling?
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Which term describes the movement of the sole of the foot turning outwards?
Which term describes the movement of the sole of the foot turning outwards?
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Which of the following best describes the role of a synergist muscle?
Which of the following best describes the role of a synergist muscle?
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Which energy system primarily relies on glucose and glycogen to produce ATP and results in lactic acid as a byproduct?
Which energy system primarily relies on glucose and glycogen to produce ATP and results in lactic acid as a byproduct?
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What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction?
What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction?
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According to the sliding filament theory, what is the direct result of calcium ions binding to troponin?
According to the sliding filament theory, what is the direct result of calcium ions binding to troponin?
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What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
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What distinguishes the anaerobic alactic ATP-PC system from other energy systems?
What distinguishes the anaerobic alactic ATP-PC system from other energy systems?
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What is the immediate consequence of the axon terminal releasing acetylcholine?
What is the immediate consequence of the axon terminal releasing acetylcholine?
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Which of these is NOT considered a characteristic of muscle tissue?
Which of these is NOT considered a characteristic of muscle tissue?
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What represents the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a single breath?
What represents the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a single breath?
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Which of the following correctly describes internal respiration?
Which of the following correctly describes internal respiration?
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What is a 'motor unit' in the context of muscle contraction?
What is a 'motor unit' in the context of muscle contraction?
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What directly causes the sarcomere to shorten during muscle contraction?
What directly causes the sarcomere to shorten during muscle contraction?
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During exercise, what physiological response marks the point at which ventilation increases more rapidly than the workload due to lactic acid accumulation?
During exercise, what physiological response marks the point at which ventilation increases more rapidly than the workload due to lactic acid accumulation?
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Which muscle fiber is typically responsible for generating quick, powerful contractions primarily utilizing anaerobic respiration and without the need for oxygen?
Which muscle fiber is typically responsible for generating quick, powerful contractions primarily utilizing anaerobic respiration and without the need for oxygen?
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What happens to a muscle when its nerve supply is destroyed?
What happens to a muscle when its nerve supply is destroyed?
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What is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation of the bronchioles, increased mucus, and reduced airflow?
What is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation of the bronchioles, increased mucus, and reduced airflow?
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Which of the following accurately describes the sequence of events during endochondral ossification?
Which of the following accurately describes the sequence of events during endochondral ossification?
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During fracture repair, what is the role of the soft callus?
During fracture repair, what is the role of the soft callus?
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Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by a lack of striations that it exhibits?
Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by a lack of striations that it exhibits?
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What is the primary function of osteoblasts in bone development?
What is the primary function of osteoblasts in bone development?
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In muscle contractions, what is the movement that is described by the insertion moving towards the origin?
In muscle contractions, what is the movement that is described by the insertion moving towards the origin?
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What is the definition of a greenstick fracture?
What is the definition of a greenstick fracture?
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What is the correct order of connective tissue sheaths from largest to smallest, that wrap muscle structures?
What is the correct order of connective tissue sheaths from largest to smallest, that wrap muscle structures?
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What is the distinguishing factor between the primary and secondary ossification centers?
What is the distinguishing factor between the primary and secondary ossification centers?
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What is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
What is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
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Which of the following best describes the role of arteries in the circulatory system?
Which of the following best describes the role of arteries in the circulatory system?
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During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the ‘lub’ sound occur?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the ‘lub’ sound occur?
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In the context of nutrition, which macronutrient provides the most calories per gram?
In the context of nutrition, which macronutrient provides the most calories per gram?
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What is the primary characteristic of a high glycemic index (GI) carbohydrate?
What is the primary characteristic of a high glycemic index (GI) carbohydrate?
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According to the set point theory, what happens when an individual consumes excess calories repeatedly?
According to the set point theory, what happens when an individual consumes excess calories repeatedly?
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Which of the following is not a component of the Female Athlete Triad?
Which of the following is not a component of the Female Athlete Triad?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of cystic fibrosis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cystic fibrosis?
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Study Notes
Movement Terms
- Anatomical position: feet and palms facing forward, standing erect
- Sagittal plane: side-to-side movement, frontal axis
- Anterior: front
- Posterior: back
- Frontal plane: front-to-back movement, sagittal axis
- Superior: upward
- Inferior: downward
- Proximal: closer to point of attachment
- Distal: further from point of attachment
- Superficial: closer to surface
- Deep: further from surface
- Pronation: turning palms inward
- Supination: turning palms forward
- Abduction: away from midline
- Adduction: towards midline
- Inversion: sole of foot turned inward
- Eversion: sole of foot turned outward
- Dorsiflexion: foot turned upward
- Plantar flexion: foot turned downward
- Flexion: reduces angle between joints
- Extension: increases angle between joints
- Protraction: shoulders move inward
- Retraction: shoulders move outward
- Opposition: thumb touches other fingers
- Reposition: thumb returns to neutral position
- Circumduction: combination of movements (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction)
- Medial and Lateral Rotation
Skeletal System
- Bones are organs
- Appendicular skeleton: limbs and girdles
- Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, bony thorax, sacrum, coccyx
- Skull: joined by immovable joints (except jawbone)
- Hyoid bone: floating bone
- Vertebral column: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacrum, 4 coccyx
- True ribs: 1-7
- False ribs: 8-12
- Floating ribs: last two pairs
- Long bones: epiphyseal lines (femur), tubular structure with cavity
- Short bones: no medullary cavity (spongy bone)
- Flat bones: "protective," thin, large surface area (cranium)
- Sesamoid bones: small, embedded in tendons or joint capsules (patella)
- Irregular bones: specialized shape, function (vertebrae)
- Spongy bone: cancellous bone, lots of open space
- Compact bone: cortical bone, dense
- Osteoclasts: break down bone
- Osteoblasts: build bone
- Osteocytes: mature bone cells
- Endochondral ossification: cartilage model forms, then replaced by bone
Growth and Development of Bones
- Growth of cartilage model: chondrocytes divide, allowing cartilage in center to grow
- Calcification of cartilage: apoptosis of chondrocytes, forming a scaffold for bone
- Primary ossification: osteoblasts start to replace cartilage with bone
- Secondary ossification centers appear
- Formation of epiphyseal plate: allow for continued growth until early adulthood/ossifies
- Types of fractures: greenstick, compound, spiral, comminuted
- Fracture repair: blood clot, fibrocartilage and collagen, bony callus.
Joint Types and Muscular Systems
- Muscle cell = muscle fiber
- Fascicle: bundle of muscle fibers
- Actin: thin filament
- Myosin: thick filament
- Muscle tissue arrangement: perimysium, endomysium, and epimysium
- Myofibrils: long ribbon-like fibers within muscle cells
- Myofilaments: thread-like proteins in myofibrils
- Types of contractions: concentric, eccentric, isometric
- Origin: immoveable attachment
- Insertion: moveable attachment
- Types of muscles: cardiac, smooth, skeletal
- Syngergistic muscles: help produce a movement
- Antagonistic muscles: oppose movement
- Fixators: stabilize origin of prime mover
Energy Systems
- Anaerobic respiration
- Aerobic respiration
- ATP-PC system (Anaerobic alactic)
- Glycolysis (Aerobic lactic)
- Aerobic system (Cellular respiration)
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium ions for contraction
- T tubules receive signals for SR. All or none law of contraction in single muscle fibers as stimulus triggers whole muscle contraction in graded response.
- Motor unit: One motor neuron and all of the muscle cells it stimulates. Graded responses: different degrees of contraction occurring by changing frequency of muscle stimulation, or by varying the number of muscle cells being stimulated.
Respiratory System
- Internal respiration: gas exchange at tissue level
- External respiration: gas exchange in lungs
- Conducting zone (organs for gas transfer)
- Respiratory zone (gas exchange)
- Tidal volume air in and out in a breath
- Vo2max: maximal rate of oxygen use during exercise
- Oxygen deficit, ventilatory threshold, lactate threshold
- Asthma: inflammation of bronchioles, reducing air flow and increasing mucus
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): damages alveoli, reduces elasticity
- Cystic fibrosis: genetic disorder causing mucus buildup in lungs
- Pneumonia: inflammation of lungs (infection caused by bacteria, virus, or fungus)
Cardiovascular System
- Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with blood.
- Pulmonary circuit: deoxygenated blood to lungs
- Systemic circuit: oxygenated blood to body
- Arteries: carry blood away from heart
- Veins: carry blood towards heart
- Capillaries: site of gas exchange
- Systolic blood pressure: contraction of the heart
- Diastolic blood pressure: relaxation of the heart
- Sinoatrial (SA) node: pacemaker of the heart
- Atrioventricular (AV) node: transmission of signal through heart bundle
- Cardiac output: amount of blood pumped by heart in a minute
Nutrients
- Carbohydrates: main source of energy (45-60%), 4 calories/gram
- Protein: builds muscle (15-20%), 4 calories/gram
- Fats: protects and cushions body (20-35%), 9 calories/gram
- Micronutrients: needed in small amounts (vitamins, minerals)
- Macronutrients: needed in large amounts (fats, proteins, carbs, water)
Sports Performance and Training
- Glycemic index: ranks carbohydrates
- Female Athlete Triad
- Training principles (FITT)
- Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type
- Overload
- Progression
- Individual differences
- Training methods
- Reversibility
- Diminishing returns: training gains reflect prior level of training
- Periodization
- Plyometrics
- Resistance
- Concurrent training
- Interval training
- Fartlek
- Ergogenic aids
Other
- Supercharging with vitamins and minerals: scientific belief is that vitamins and minerals are only needed if deficient. Too much can be harmful.
- Important information related to performance, the drug list, and notable quotes from various sources.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in kinesiology, including movements, anatomical terms, and physiological functions. This quiz covers various aspects such as the skeletal system, muscle contraction, and energy systems. Perfect for students and enthusiasts of human anatomy and movement science.
