Kin Anatomy PDF

Unit One - Movement Terms ​ Anatomical position (feet facing forward, palms facing forward, standing erect) ​ Sagittal plane (side to side) goes with frontal axis ​ Anterior, Posterior ​ Frontal plane (front to back) goes with sagittal axis ​ Transverse plane (rotate around, upper and...

Unit One - Movement Terms ​ Anatomical position (feet facing forward, palms facing forward, standing erect) ​ Sagittal plane (side to side) goes with frontal axis ​ Anterior, Posterior ​ Frontal plane (front to back) goes with sagittal axis ​ Transverse plane (rotate around, upper and lower halves) goes with longitudinal axis ​ Superior (upward surfaces) ​ Inferior (downward surfaces) ​ Proximal (close to attachment point) ​ Distal (further away from attachment point) ​ Superficial (close to surface of body) ​ Deep (further in surface of body) ​ Pronation (turning palms inward) ​ Supination (turning palms to face forward) ​ Abduction (away from the midline) ​ Adduction (towards the midline) ​ Inversion (sole is turned inward) ​ Eversion (sole is turned outward) ​ Dorsiflexion (foot turned upward ​ Plantar flexion (foot turned down) - planting the foot ​ Flexion (reducing angle between joints) ​ Extension (increasing angle between joints) ​ Protraction (shoulders move inward) ​ Retraction (shoulders move outward/closer together) ​ Opposition (thumb comes in contact with other fingers) ​ Reposition (thumb is put back) ​ Circumduction (a combination of movements) ​ Medial and Lateral Rotation Skeletal System ​ Bones are organs ​ Axial skeleton: longitudinal axis (sacrum, coccyx, vertebral column, bony thorax, skull) ​ Appendicular: limbs and girdles that attach limbs to axial skeleton ​ The skull is all joined by immovable joints except for jawbone ​ Hyoid bone - only floating bone ​ 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacrum, 4 coccyx ​ True ribs = 1-7 ​ False ribs = 8-12 ​ Floating = last two - no connection point 1)​ Long bones: epiphyseal lines (femur) Tubular shell with cavity in the middle 2)​ Short: no medullary cavity (No RBC but spongy bone) 3)​ Flat: “protective” - thin (larger surface area) - cranium 4)​ Sesamoid: patella - small embedded with a tendon or joint capsule 5)​ Irregular: specialized shape and function (vertebrae) ​ Yellow bone marrow - fat production ​ Red bone marrow - RBCS production and cavity in spongy bone ​ Spongy bone: lots of open space, and also called cancellous ​ Compact bone: dense and looks smooth, osteons, called cortical bone (found beneath periosteum) ​ Osteoblasts: bone building cells ​ Osteoclasts: bone destroying cells ​ Osteocytes: mature bone cells Endochondral ossification 1)​ Cartilage Model: mesenchymal cells make chondroblasts which form the model for future bone  2)​ Growth of cartilage model: chondroblasts divide allowing cartilage to grow the cells in center which produce chondrocytes 3)​ Calcification of cartilage: apoptosis occurs (chondrocytes die) and provided scaffold for future bone 4)​ Formation of primary ossification: osteoblasts start replacing cartilage with bone 5)​ Development of medullary cavity 6)​ Formation of secondary ossification centre 7)​ Formation of epiphyseal plate: ossifies in early adulthood as plate allows for continuation of growth ​ Femur is your longest bone ​ Fracture types: greenstick (not all the way across), compound (pierces surrounding skin), simple (clean break, stays in alignment), spiral (spirals around), communicated (breaks into small pieces) ​ Fracture repair: blood clot is formed, fibrocartilage and collagen are deposited in area of clot to make soft callus, bony callus is formed that connects bone ends, area is remolded replacing bony callus with bone tissue in correct structure ​ Arthritis: inflammation of joints ​ Osteoporosis: weakening of bones that occurs with aging ​ Rickets: bones fail to calcify and stay soft ​ Patella doesn’t form in infants ○​ Fontales are the soft spots in an infant's skull ​ Primary ossification centre is diaphysis, secondary is epiphysis Joint types Muscular systems ​ Muscle cell = muscle fiber ​ Fascicle is a bundle of muscle fibers ​ Actin - thin filament, while myosin is the thick filament ​ Each fascicle: perimysium, each muscle fiber: endomysium, and each muscle fiber: epimysium ​ Myofibrils: long ribbon like fibers in a muscle cell ​ Myofilaments: threadlike proteins in the myofibril ​ These are types of isotonic contractions: Concentric contraction: muscle cells shorten, eccentric: muscle cells length, isometric concentration is when no change is made as you are trying to lift or move an immovable object ​ Origin - attachment to the immovable bone ​ Insertion - attachment to the moveable bone ○​ Insertion moves towards origin ​ Muscles always pull they never push ​ Ligaments attach bone to bone ​ Tendons attach muscle to bone ​ Bulk of muscle must be proximal to the joint crossed ​ Three types of muscle: cardiac (found in heart, striations), smooth (no striations), skeletal (striations) ​ Prime mover or agonist: muscle that produces a particular movement ​ Antagonist: origin stabilizer of prime mover ​ Synergists are muscles that help stabilize a movement ​ Fixators: muscles stabilize origin of prime mover ​ Excitability: respond to stimuli ​ Contractibility: contract forcefully when stimulated ​ Extensibility: stretch without being damaged ​ Elasticity: return to original length ​ Irritability: receive and respond to stimulus ​ Myosin binds to actin forming cross bridges ​ Heart attack: coronary arteries become blocked from plaque build up, heart cannot receive oxygen therefore it can stop working ​ Sarcomere: functional unit of a muscle fiber, made of actin and myosin ​ Sarcolemma is the cell membrane  ​ Sarcoplasmic reticulum: stores calcium ions for contraction ​ T-tubules: receives signal for SR ​ All or none law: muscle will always contract completely (never does it partially) ​ Single fibers: must be stimulated by nerve impulses to contract (does it completely) ​ Whole muscles: composed of thousands of muscle cells and react to stimuli with graded responses ​ Motor unit: one motor neuron and all the skeletal muscles fibers it stimulates (meet at neuromuscular junction) ​ Action potential - electrical current generated by “upset” or change in charge across muscle cell membrane ​ Graded responses: different degrees of shortening or contraction ○​ Changing frequency of muscle stimulation ○​ Change number of muscle cells being stimulated ​ Excitation-contraction coupling - entire process of muscle contraction is called Sliding filament theory 1)​ Brain releases a nerve impulse to initiate a movement 2)​ Nerve impulse travels down to neuromuscular junction (axon terminal) 3)​ Axon terminal releases neurotransmitter acetylcholine 4)​ Acetylcholine crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the sarcolemma 5)​ Action potential is transported to the interior of the muscle via the transverse tubules 6)​ Sarcolemma becomes depolarized 7)​ Sarcoplasmic reticulum receives calcium ions 8)​ Calcium binds to troponin 9)​ Tropomyosin slides revealing myosin binding sites on actin 10)​Myosin attaches to actin 11)​Actin slides over myosin causing the sarcomere to shorten 12)​Muscle contracts ​ Paralysis: nerve supply to muscle is destroyed, muscle does not become stimulated ​ ATP provides energy for muscle contraction which is generated in three ways: ○​ Aerobic cellular respiration ○​ Creatine phosphate ○​ Anaerobic respiration glycolysis Energy Systems ​ Anaerobic: lack of oxygen present ​ Aerobic: oxygen present ATP-PC system (anaerobic alactic) ​ 10-15 seconds of energy ​ No bi-product ​ Without the presence of oxygen ​ Highest rate of ATP synthesis Glycolysis (Aerobic lactic) ​ Bi-product is lactic acid ​ 1-3 minutes of additional activity ​ Uses glucose and glycogen to make ATP Aerobic system (Cellular respiration) ​ 120 seconds and beyond ​ Highest rate of ATP synthesis ​ Used for longer, more endurance events ​ Uses glucose, glycogen, fats, and protein to make ATP ​ Slow twitch muscle fibers: used for longer distance activities (tension slower) ​ Fast twitch: used for shorter activities (tension faster) ​ Type 1: generate energy slower, fatigue-resistant  ​ Type 1A: High speed energy release ​ Type 11B: Allow for quick contractions without the need for oxygen ​ Pyruvate's bi-product is lactic acid (converted to breakdown of energy) Respiratory system ​ Internal respiration: gas exchange at a tissue level ​ External respiration: gas exchange within the lungs ​ Why do we need to breath: get rid of C02, filter out the air, supply oxygen to our cells ​ Conducting Zone: organs and structures not directly involved in gas exchange (incoming and outgoing air) ​ Respiratory Zone: gas exchange ​ Inspiration: air coming in ​ Expiration: air going out ​ Tidal volume: air in and out in a breath (volume) ​ Respiration frequency: amount of times you breathe in per minute (Breaths/minute) ​ Vo2Max is max rate of oxygen your body can use during exercise ​ Oxygen deficit: working muscles rely on metabolic systems that do not require o2 ​ Ventilatory threshold: ventilation increases must more rapidly then workload (occurs because of accumulation of lactic acid within the blood) ​ Lactate threshold: blood lactate remains low, point is reached where it rises a lot ​ Astma: chronic inflammation of the lining of bronchioles ​ Reduces airflow and increases mucus production ​ COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: damages alveoli reducing elasticity and shape, reduces surface area for gas exchange ​ Cystic fibrosis: genetic disorder that produces thick mucus and reduces airflow in lungs ​ Pneumonia: caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infection which causes build up and inflammation of pus and mucus, leading to fever, cough, and shortness of breath Cardiovascular System ​ Coronary arteries supply myocardium with blood ​ Pulmonary circuit: deoxygenated blood travels to lungs for oxygen ​ Systemic circuit: oxygenated blood to the body ​ Arteries: blood AWAY from the heart ​ Veins: blood TOWARDS the heart, have valves to prevent backward flow of blood ​ Capillaries: gas exchange at a surface level ​ Systolic pressure: ‘lub’ - contraction of the heart (closing of atrioventricular valves) ​ Diastolic pressure: ‘dub’ (closing of semilunar valves) ​ Sinoatrial (SA) node - “pacemaker” of the heart and governs heart beat ​ Atrioventricular (AV) node - passes signal through the bundle of his ​ Heart ca stimulate itself and cause contraction ​ Cardiac output and stroke volume (cardiac output = stroke volume X heart rate) ​ Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart in one minute ​ Stroke volume is amount of blood ejected from left ventricle in a single beat ​ Nutrients ​ Carbohydrate: bodies main source of energy (45-60%) has 4 calories in a gram ​ Protein: builds muscle, (15-20%) has 4 calories in a gram ​ Fat: protects the body and cushions (), has 9 calories per gram ​ Micronutrients: needed in small amounts (vitamins, minerals) ​ Macronutrients: needed in large quantities (fat, protein, carbs, water) ​ Malnutrition: not getting enough macronutrients Supercharging with vitamins and minerals ​ Athletes believe: make them faster and have more stores when needed ​ Scientific belief: only needed if deficient, can't get enough from food alone, too much is harmful ​ Glycemic index (rank carbs from 0-100) ○​ Low index: means blood sugar rises slowly after eaten ○​ High: blood sugar rises rapid because low levels spark cravings Nutrition for performance ​ Set point theory: body will maintain weight within a certain range, if too many calories consumed metabolic rate will rise to account for this and make adjustments to systems accordingly (body temperature could rise) Female Athlete Triad: ​ Not consuming enough calories for activity level ​ Missed periods/stopped ​ Weak bones leading to Osteoporosis Hydration ​ Dehydration: lack of water How we lose water 1)​ Sweating, respiration, urine Training Principles F.I.T.T ​ Frequency - amount of time per week spent on training ​ Intensity - how hard an individual must work ​ Type - anaerobic or aerobic ​ Time - guideline is 20-60 minutes, time spent in activity ​ Overload: body performs tasks stronger than it is accustomed to ​ Progression: slowly increasing intensity over time ​ Individual differences: everyone has different skill levels ​ Reversibility: “Use it or lose it” ​ Diminishing returns: training gains reflect prior level of training Training methods ​ Periodization: breakdown of year long training ○​ Mesocycle: ​ Plyometrics: “stretch shortening exercises” (box jumps) ​ Resistance: ​ Concurrent: all energy systems trained at the same time ​ Interval: ​ Fartlek: “speed play” Ergogenic aids What is a sport? ​ Sport: involves competition, governed by an institution, and physical exertion ​ Play - recreational ​ Intrinsic motivation: “I play because I enjoy playing: ​ Extrinsic: there is some sort of prize involved when winning FUNdamentics? Olympics Movie documentary ​ Bigger stronger faster:  ○​ Taylor Hooton ○​ Lyle Alzado ○​ “Performance Is more important than character” ○​ Steroids kill 3 people (142 on the drug list) ○​ Everyone was using it ○​ Mark Bell - used it as a wrestler ○​ Mike Bell - used it but would not tell his football people that he used it ​ Moneyball ○​ Billy Beane and Peter Brand ○​ Scott Haterberg ​ Concussion ○​ Andre Waters - says it lead to his depression and ultimate death ○​ Mike Webster ○​ Dr.Omalu