Podcast
Questions and Answers
Match the muscle contraction type with its definition:
Match the muscle contraction type with its definition:
Concentric contraction = Muscle shortens while generating force Eccentric contraction = Muscle lengthens while generating force. Isometric contraction = Muscle length remains constant while generating force Isotonic contraction = Muscle tension remains constant during length changes
Match the muscle tissue type with its characteristic:
Match the muscle tissue type with its characteristic:
Skeletal muscle = Striated, voluntary Smooth muscle = Non-striated, involuntary Cardiac muscle = Striated, involuntary Multi-unit smooth muscle = Discrete bundles of muscle fibers
Match the connective tissue layer with its location within a muscle:
Match the connective tissue layer with its location within a muscle:
Epimysium = Surrounds the entire muscle Perimysium = Surrounds fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers) Endomysium = Surrounds individual muscle fibers Fascia = A layer of tissue that is situated underneath the skin that helps attach, stabilize, enclose, and separate muscles and other internal organs
Match the term with its correct definition related to muscle structure:
Match the term with its correct definition related to muscle structure:
Match the blood component with its primary function.
Match the blood component with its primary function.
Match the type of blood vessel with its function.
Match the type of blood vessel with its function.
Match the heart chamber with its function.
Match the heart chamber with its function.
Match the valve with its location and function in the heart:
Match the valve with its location and function in the heart:
Match the respiratory structure with its function:
Match the respiratory structure with its function:
Match the term with its definition associated with lung function:
Match the term with its definition associated with lung function:
Flashcards
Why do muscles contract?
Why do muscles contract?
Muscles contract due to nerve impulses that cause interactions between actin and myosin filaments, leading to muscle fiber shortening.
Muscle roles
Muscle roles
Agonist: Primary mover. Antagonist: Opposes the agonist. Synergist: Assists the agonist. Stabilizer: Stabilizes a joint.
Types of muscle tissue
Types of muscle tissue
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is voluntary.
Functional unit, muscle tissue
Functional unit, muscle tissue
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Function of connective tissue
Function of connective tissue
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Erythrocyte
Erythrocyte
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Why is CO poisonous?
Why is CO poisonous?
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Stimulates red blood cell formation?
Stimulates red blood cell formation?
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Artery vs. Vein
Artery vs. Vein
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Arteries differ from veins?
Arteries differ from veins?
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Study Notes
Movement and Movement Concepts
- Movement should be defined
- Identify movements and the planes they occur in
- Understand why muscles contract
- Explain how a muscle causes its specific action
- Explain concentric, eccentric, and static contractions
- Understand how to determine if a muscle group is involved and apply it to a specific image
- Define the angle of resistance and its optimal angle
- Explain the difference between "resistance is applied" and "resistance is attached"
- Describe how muscles act as agonists, antagonists, neutralizers, synergists, and stabilizers, with examples
Muscular System
- Describe the structural characteristics of the three types of muscle and which is voluntary
- Identify the basic functional unit of: skeletal muscle and define a motor unit
- Describe the six functions of muscle with examples
- Explain causes for hypertrophy and atrophy of skeletal muscles
- List characteristics differentiating slow twitch fibers from fast twitch fibers
- Define ligament, tendon, muscle origin, and muscle insertion
- Be able to identify epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, fascicles, muscle fibers, and myofibrils on a cross-section of skeletal muscle
- Relate the sarcomere, thin filament, thick filament, actin, myosin, and Z discs
- Describe different shapes of whole skeletal muscle
- Describe the function of connective tissue in skeletal muscles
- Define tendonitis
- Discuss the causes of carpal tunnel syndrome
Cardiovascular System - Blood
- Describe the composition of blood and the basic functions of plasma proteins
- Describe the structure of an erythrocyte
- Describe how red blood cells carry oxygen and the chemical element involved
- Explain why carbon monoxide is poisonous, regarding RBCs
- Describe what blood doping is
- Explain how training at high altitude could increase an athlete's hematocrit
- Name the hormone that stimulates RBC formation and the organ that releases it
- List the histological characteristics of the 3 types of polymorphonuclear granulocytes
- List the histological characteristics of the 2 types of mononuclear agranulocytes
Cardiovascular System - Heart
- Identify the base and apex of the heart
- State a typical resting heart rate in beats per minute
- Identify the fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium (parietal and visceral layers), and pericardial cavity
- Name the three layers of the heart wall (including both layers of the pericardium as one layer) and which layer secretes fluid
- Trace the path of a RBC through the heart, pulmonary, and systemic circuits, beginning at the right atrium.
- Identify the location and basic structure of: right atrium, pectinate muscles, fossa ovalis, right AV valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left AV valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, arch of the aorta, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, trabeculae carneae, interventricular septum, interatrial septum, interventricular sulcus (or groove), and coronary sulcus
- Draw the electrical conduction system of the heart
- Identify the part of the conducting system that normally sets the heart rate
- Identify which heart chambers contain oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
- Differentiate systole from diastole and explain the importance of A-V node delay for normal heart function
Cardiovascular System - Vessels
- Explain the differences between the arterial and venous systems
- Describe their number and lumen as arteries go away from the heart and veins return to the heart
- State the three vessels that drain into the right atrium
- List the three distinct layers that make up the wall of a blood vessel
- List the structural and functional characteristics of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
- Identify which vessel type provides the greatest resistance to blood flow
- Recognize which vessels have one-way valves
- Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation
- State the primary functions of capillaries
- Identify the specific veins that carry oxygen, despite veins usually carrying deoxygenated blood
- Name two factors aiding venous blood return to the heart
- Name the two arteries that enter the cranium and the foramina they pass through
- Compare the amount of blood in the arterial versus venous system at any given time
- State the three arterial branches off the celiac artery and the three arterial branches off the aortic arch
- Be able to identify primary blood vessels on a diagram
Respiratory System
- Identify the following structures: nasal cavity, nasal conchae (turbinate), nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, epiglottis, vocal cords, larynx, trachea, esophagus, thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple), cricoid cartilage, cartilage rings, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, cardiac notch, and diaphragm
- List the functions of the respiratory system
- Identify the SX and FX unit of the respiratory system
- Describe the specific types of epithelial cells found in the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli
- Identify the cell types that make up a respiratory epithelium
- State the function of goblet cells
- Identify the type of muscle surrounds the bronchioles
- Contrast bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation
- Name the muscles involved in lung ventilation and which is most important
- Explain why the cartilage rings around the trachea don't extend all the way around
- Label the base, apex, and hilum of the lung
- How many lobes the right and left lung have.
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