Kidney Structure and Function Quiz
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Kidney Structure and Function Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the main activities performed by the nephron?

  • Filtration of blood and digestion of nutrients
  • Selective resorption and excretion of hormones
  • Storage of urine and production of red blood cells
  • Selective resorption and secretion of ions (correct)

    • Which region of the kidney is primarily responsible for processing urine before it exits the kidney?

  • Renal pelvis
  • Renal cortex
  • Renal artery
  • Renal medulla (correct)

    • What does the glomerulus specifically filter out from the blood?

  • Proteins and red blood cells (correct)
  • Water and nutrients
  • Urea and uric acid
  • Electrolytes and hormones

    • Which of the following structures is NOT part of the kidney's major structures?

    <p>Gall bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the renal pelvis?

    <p>Collection of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nephron?

    <p>Filtering blood and regulating bodily fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does aldosterone have on potassium levels?

    <p>Stimulates potassium secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is responsible for the majority of nutrient reabsorption?

    <p>Proximal Convoluted Tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the enzyme renin play in the kidneys?

    <p>Regulates fluid volume and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does anuria refer to?

    <p>Absence of urine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the presence of glucose in the urine?

    <p>Glycosuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dysuria?

    <p>Painful or difficult urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines oliguria?

    <p>Less than 400 mL of urine in 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is identified by excessive urination at night?

    <p>Nocturia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does renal colic refer to?

    <p>Severe back pain from kidney stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition describes loss of control over bladder resulting in involuntary leakage?

    <p>Urinary Incontinence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the female urethra located?

    <p>Embedded in the anterior wall of the vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cystometry measure?

    <p>Bladder sensation, capacity, and detrusor contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary purpose of collecting a 24-hour urine specimen?

    <p>To measure protein metabolism and excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test evaluates the concentration of urine?

    <p>Urine osmolality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does elevated serum creatinine typically indicate?

    <p>Renal damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is used to visualize kidney stones?

    <p>CT Scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) suggest?

    <p>Kidney failure or dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does urinalysis assess in urine?

    <p>Multiple parameters including color and presence of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does urine myoglobin detect?

    <p>Muscle breakdown products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)?

    <p>To break up calculi using high-energy shock waves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which catheter is designed to remain in the urinary bladder for an extended period?

    <p>Indwelling urinary catheter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)?

    <p>To remove waste products from the body while allowing daily activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a cystocele refer to?

    <p>A condition involving a hernia of the bladder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What procedure involves a nephrostomy tube and ultrasonic waves?

    <p>Percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the oliguric phase in acute renal failure?

    <p>Decreased urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of acute renal failure is caused by obstruction of urine outflow?

    <p>Postrenal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique uses magnetic energy to create 3-dimensional images of kidney tissue?

    <p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli following a streptococcal infection?

    <p>Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of acute renal failure is marked by the kidneys producing a high volume of urine?

    <p>Diuretic Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute Tubular Necrosis is synonymous with which other term?

    <p>Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure visualizes the bladder and urethra using X-ray pictures?

    <p>Cystourethrography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of acute renal failure does azotemia typically disappear?

    <p>Recovery Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a radical cystectomy?

    <p>Completely remove the bladder along with reproductive organs in both genders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure uses a catheter inserted through the suprapubic area to divert urine?

    <p>Cystostomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz operation?

    <p>Strengthen the urinary sphincter to correct incontinence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of procedure is a transurethral prostatectomy (TURP)?

    <p>Removal of prostate tissue through the penis and bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an ileal conduit?

    <p>Urine diverted through a section of the small bowel to an external collection bag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of a nephrostomy procedure?

    <p>To create a stoma for continuous urine drainage from the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which procedure is the bladder left intact while the prostate gland is removed?

    <p>Retropubic prostatectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible approach taken for a prostatectomy?

    <p>Incision made in the perineum between the scrotum and rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Kidney Structure and Function

    • The kidney is responsible for waste removal, blood filtration, acid-base and electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation, and blood cell formation.
    • The kidney contains a renal cortex (outer region), renal medulla (middle region), and renal pelvis (inner region).
    • The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and regulating bodily fluids.
    • The nephron consists of a glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and collecting tubule.
    • The kidneys regulate blood pressure and fluid volume through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
    • The kidney produces erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.
    • The bladder stores urine before it is expelled through the urethra during micturition.

    ### Urinary System Disorders

    • Acute renal failure is a sudden interruption of kidney function caused by poor circulation or kidney disease.
    • Acute renal failure has three types: intrarenal (damage to kidney filtering structures), postrenal (obstruction of urine outflow), and prerenal (reduced blood flow to kidneys).
    • The stages of acute renal failure include the oliguric phase (decreased urine output), diuretic phase (kidneys produce high volume of urine), and recovery phase (cause of diuresis corrected and azotemia disappears).
    • Other urinary system disorders include acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, acute pyelonephritis, acute tubular necrosis (ATN), and Alport's syndrome.

    Treatments for Urinary System Disorders

    • Lithotripsy (ESWL and percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy) are treatments for kidney stones.
    • Catheters are used for urine collection (external catheter), long-term urinary bladder drainage (indwelling catheter), and intermittent bladder drainage.
    • Dialysis, including continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH), removes waste products from the body when the kidneys fail.

    Urinary System Instruments and Procedures

    • Cystometry measures bladder sensation, capacity, and muscle contractions.
    • External sphincter electromyography measures electrical activity of the urinary sphincter.
    • 24-hour urine specimen analysis measures creatinine, protein, and uric acid levels.
    • Urea clearance measures glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
    • Urinalysis evaluates urine color, turbidity, specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, ketone bodies, sediment, and bacterial growth.
    • Urine myoglobin detects myoglobin in the urine, indicating muscle damage.
    • Urine osmolality determines urine concentration.
    • Uroflowmetry measures urine flow rate and pattern.
    • CT scan creates a 3D image of the kidneys, useful for detecting kidney stones.
    • Cystourethroscopy examines the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra.
    • Excretory urography (IVP) visualizes renal structures, ureters, and bladder using a contrast medium.

    Blood Studies

    • Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) measures serum nitrogenous urea levels, indicating kidney failure or dehydration.
    • Calcium and phosphorus levels reflect kidney's vitamin D conversion and calcium absorption.
    • Chloride levels help regulate blood pressure and acid-base balance.
    • Creatinine clearance measures GFR.
    • Serum creatinine levels indicate renal damage.
    • Serum osmolality measures serum concentration.
    • Serum potassium is essential for proper renal function.
    • Serum sodium is evaluated in relation to water in the body.
    • Serum uric acid levels may suggest gout or impaired renal function.

    Surgical Procedures for Urinary System Disorders

    • Cystectomy involves partial or complete removal of the bladder.
    • Cystotomy uses a catheter to divert urine away from the urethra.
    • Kidney transplantation replaces a failing kidney.
    • Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz operation strengthens the urinary sphincter in women.
    • Prostatectomy removes the prostate gland.
    • Transurethral prostatectomy (TURP) and transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) remove prostate or bladder lesions.

    Urinary Diversion Procedures

    • Ileal conduit diverts urine through a segment of the small intestine.
    • Continent vesicostomy diverts urine to a reservoir constructed from the bladder wall.
    • Ureterostomy creates a stoma for continuous urine drainage.
    • Cystostomy and nephrostomy are urinary diversions using catheters.

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    Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of the kidney, including its role in waste removal, blood filtration, and hormone production. Explore the nephron's structure and the urinary system's disorders with this comprehensive quiz.

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