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Questions and Answers
What are the main activities performed by the nephron?
What are the main activities performed by the nephron?
- Filtration of blood and digestion of nutrients
- Selective resorption and excretion of hormones
- Storage of urine and production of red blood cells
- Selective resorption and secretion of ions (correct)
Which region of the kidney is primarily responsible for processing urine before it exits the kidney?
Which region of the kidney is primarily responsible for processing urine before it exits the kidney?
- Renal pelvis
- Renal cortex
- Renal artery
- Renal medulla (correct)
What does the glomerulus specifically filter out from the blood?
What does the glomerulus specifically filter out from the blood?
- Proteins and red blood cells (correct)
- Water and nutrients
- Urea and uric acid
- Electrolytes and hormones
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the kidney's major structures?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the kidney's major structures?
What is the primary function of the renal pelvis?
What is the primary function of the renal pelvis?
What is the primary function of the nephron?
What is the primary function of the nephron?
What effect does aldosterone have on potassium levels?
What effect does aldosterone have on potassium levels?
What hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels?
What hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels?
Which part of the nephron is responsible for the majority of nutrient reabsorption?
Which part of the nephron is responsible for the majority of nutrient reabsorption?
What role does the enzyme renin play in the kidneys?
What role does the enzyme renin play in the kidneys?
What does anuria refer to?
What does anuria refer to?
Which term describes the presence of glucose in the urine?
Which term describes the presence of glucose in the urine?
What is dysuria?
What is dysuria?
What defines oliguria?
What defines oliguria?
Which condition is identified by excessive urination at night?
Which condition is identified by excessive urination at night?
What does renal colic refer to?
What does renal colic refer to?
What condition describes loss of control over bladder resulting in involuntary leakage?
What condition describes loss of control over bladder resulting in involuntary leakage?
Where is the female urethra located?
Where is the female urethra located?
What does cystometry measure?
What does cystometry measure?
What is a primary purpose of collecting a 24-hour urine specimen?
What is a primary purpose of collecting a 24-hour urine specimen?
Which test evaluates the concentration of urine?
Which test evaluates the concentration of urine?
What does elevated serum creatinine typically indicate?
What does elevated serum creatinine typically indicate?
Which of the following tests is used to visualize kidney stones?
Which of the following tests is used to visualize kidney stones?
What condition may elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) suggest?
What condition may elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) suggest?
What does urinalysis assess in urine?
What does urinalysis assess in urine?
What does urine myoglobin detect?
What does urine myoglobin detect?
What is the goal of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)?
What is the goal of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)?
Which catheter is designed to remain in the urinary bladder for an extended period?
Which catheter is designed to remain in the urinary bladder for an extended period?
What is the primary function of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)?
What is the primary function of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)?
What does a cystocele refer to?
What does a cystocele refer to?
What procedure involves a nephrostomy tube and ultrasonic waves?
What procedure involves a nephrostomy tube and ultrasonic waves?
What is the primary characteristic of the oliguric phase in acute renal failure?
What is the primary characteristic of the oliguric phase in acute renal failure?
Which type of acute renal failure is caused by obstruction of urine outflow?
Which type of acute renal failure is caused by obstruction of urine outflow?
Which imaging technique uses magnetic energy to create 3-dimensional images of kidney tissue?
Which imaging technique uses magnetic energy to create 3-dimensional images of kidney tissue?
What condition is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli following a streptococcal infection?
What condition is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli following a streptococcal infection?
Which phase of acute renal failure is marked by the kidneys producing a high volume of urine?
Which phase of acute renal failure is marked by the kidneys producing a high volume of urine?
Acute Tubular Necrosis is synonymous with which other term?
Acute Tubular Necrosis is synonymous with which other term?
Which procedure visualizes the bladder and urethra using X-ray pictures?
Which procedure visualizes the bladder and urethra using X-ray pictures?
In which phase of acute renal failure does azotemia typically disappear?
In which phase of acute renal failure does azotemia typically disappear?
What is the purpose of a radical cystectomy?
What is the purpose of a radical cystectomy?
Which procedure uses a catheter inserted through the suprapubic area to divert urine?
Which procedure uses a catheter inserted through the suprapubic area to divert urine?
What is the main goal of the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz operation?
What is the main goal of the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz operation?
What type of procedure is a transurethral prostatectomy (TURP)?
What type of procedure is a transurethral prostatectomy (TURP)?
Which of the following describes an ileal conduit?
Which of the following describes an ileal conduit?
What is the main objective of a nephrostomy procedure?
What is the main objective of a nephrostomy procedure?
During which procedure is the bladder left intact while the prostate gland is removed?
During which procedure is the bladder left intact while the prostate gland is removed?
What is one possible approach taken for a prostatectomy?
What is one possible approach taken for a prostatectomy?
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Study Notes
Kidney Structure and Function
- The kidney is responsible for waste removal, blood filtration, acid-base and electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation, and blood cell formation.
- The kidney contains a renal cortex (outer region), renal medulla (middle region), and renal pelvis (inner region).
- The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and regulating bodily fluids.
- The nephron consists of a glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and collecting tubule.
- The kidneys regulate blood pressure and fluid volume through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
- The kidney produces erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.
- The bladder stores urine before it is expelled through the urethra during micturition.
###Â Urinary System Disorders
- Acute renal failure is a sudden interruption of kidney function caused by poor circulation or kidney disease.
- Acute renal failure has three types: intrarenal (damage to kidney filtering structures), postrenal (obstruction of urine outflow), and prerenal (reduced blood flow to kidneys).
- The stages of acute renal failure include the oliguric phase (decreased urine output), diuretic phase (kidneys produce high volume of urine), and recovery phase (cause of diuresis corrected and azotemia disappears).
- Other urinary system disorders include acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, acute pyelonephritis, acute tubular necrosis (ATN), and Alport's syndrome.
Treatments for Urinary System Disorders
- Lithotripsy (ESWL and percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy) are treatments for kidney stones.
- Catheters are used for urine collection (external catheter), long-term urinary bladder drainage (indwelling catheter), and intermittent bladder drainage.
- Dialysis, including continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH), removes waste products from the body when the kidneys fail.
Urinary System Instruments and Procedures
- Cystometry measures bladder sensation, capacity, and muscle contractions.
- External sphincter electromyography measures electrical activity of the urinary sphincter.
- 24-hour urine specimen analysis measures creatinine, protein, and uric acid levels.
- Urea clearance measures glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
- Urinalysis evaluates urine color, turbidity, specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, ketone bodies, sediment, and bacterial growth.
- Urine myoglobin detects myoglobin in the urine, indicating muscle damage.
- Urine osmolality determines urine concentration.
- Uroflowmetry measures urine flow rate and pattern.
- CT scan creates a 3D image of the kidneys, useful for detecting kidney stones.
- Cystourethroscopy examines the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra.
- Excretory urography (IVP) visualizes renal structures, ureters, and bladder using a contrast medium.
Blood Studies
- Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) measures serum nitrogenous urea levels, indicating kidney failure or dehydration.
- Calcium and phosphorus levels reflect kidney's vitamin D conversion and calcium absorption.
- Chloride levels help regulate blood pressure and acid-base balance.
- Creatinine clearance measures GFR.
- Serum creatinine levels indicate renal damage.
- Serum osmolality measures serum concentration.
- Serum potassium is essential for proper renal function.
- Serum sodium is evaluated in relation to water in the body.
- Serum uric acid levels may suggest gout or impaired renal function.
Surgical Procedures for Urinary System Disorders
- Cystectomy involves partial or complete removal of the bladder.
- Cystotomy uses a catheter to divert urine away from the urethra.
- Kidney transplantation replaces a failing kidney.
- Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz operation strengthens the urinary sphincter in women.
- Prostatectomy removes the prostate gland.
- Transurethral prostatectomy (TURP) and transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) remove prostate or bladder lesions.
Urinary Diversion Procedures
- Ileal conduit diverts urine through a segment of the small intestine.
- Continent vesicostomy diverts urine to a reservoir constructed from the bladder wall.
- Ureterostomy creates a stoma for continuous urine drainage.
- Cystostomy and nephrostomy are urinary diversions using catheters.
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