Kidney Stone Prevention and Treatment Guidelines

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What is the main reason why weight loss through low-calorie diets and bariatric surgery can increase the risk of kidney stones?

They decrease the amount of dietary calcium, leading to higher urine calcium levels.

They alter the balance of gut bacteria, which can increase the absorption of oxalate.

They reduce the production of citrate in the urine, which inhibits stone formation.

They reduce urine volume and increase urine concentration of stone-forming substances. (correct)

Which of the following is the recommended daily allowance for dietary protein to help prevent kidney stone formation?

2.0 g/kg

0.5 g/kg

1.2 g/kg

0.8 g/kg (correct)

Which of the following is the recommended daily intake for sodium to help prevent kidney stone recurrence?

2.3 g (correct)

1.5 g

2.0 g

3.0 g

What is the primary reason why it is preferable to obtain dietary calcium from natural food sources rather than supplements?

Dietary calcium is less likely to contribute to the formation of kidney stones. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary reason why dietary and lifestyle habits have a significant impact on kidney stone development?

They affect the composition and concentration of urine, which can promote or inhibit stone formation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main recommendation for patients with calcium oxalate stones and calcium hypercalciuria?

Restrict dietary intake of oxalate-rich foods. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using potassium alkali as a urinary agent?

Alkalinizing urine and reducing calcium salt saturation Signup and view all the answers

In patients with hypocitraturia, what is a recommended action related to the use of potassium alkali therapy?

Temporarily discontinue or decrease dose if electrolyte abnormalities occur Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for using potassium alkali as a urinary agent?

Renal tubular defects Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about ascorbic acid and methionine as urinary agents is supported by the text?

Their strength of evidence is lower compared to potassium alkali Signup and view all the answers

What effect does potassium alkali have on calcium salt saturation in urine?

Reduces it Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary intervention to prevent stone formation according to the text?

Increasing fluid intake to achieve a urine volume of at least 2.5 liters per day Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following has protective effects against stone formation, according to the text?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following has been observed to have an equivalent decrease in urinary calcium and increase in urinary citrate according to a recent trial?

Potassium citrate Signup and view all the answers

What type of fluid intake is associated with an increased risk of stone formation, according to the epidemiological evidence mentioned in the text?

Fructose-rich beverages and grapefruit juice Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical dosage range for thiazide diuretics used in treating urinary stone disease?

50-100 mg Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key determinant for preventing calcium stones according to the text?

Sodium intake Signup and view all the answers

What method is used to assess the risk of stone formation from crystallization of solutes where sophisticated computerized methods are not practical?

24-hour urine collection Signup and view all the answers

"Chronic low fluid intake" is associated with what significant risk factor for stone development?

Low urine volume and high urine osmolality Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for avoiding restrictive diets in stone prevention according to the text?

Evidence supporting their effectiveness is insufficient. Signup and view all the answers

What intervention has been known to prevent stone formation by lowering urinary saturations of calcium oxalate and uric acid in specific patients?

Alkali therapy Signup and view all the answers