Baldwin Exclusive Exam Review

Blood flow to the kidneys; crucial for kidney function

Low blood volume, reducing kidney blood flow, potentially causing damage.

Kidney damage caused by insufficient blood flow before the kidneys.

Kidney damage caused by a severe infection.

A measurement of how well the kidneys filter blood.

Good kidney function—higher is better (optimal is >90)

Hormone made by kidneys that helps make red blood cells.

Stages 1-5 describe the progression of Chronic Kidney Disease, ranked according to declining kidney function.

Severe kidney failure, GFR <15.

Surgical connection for dialysis access.

Sudden loss of kidney function.

Average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle.

Drugs preventing potassium loss in urine.

Potassium-sparing diuretic; watch for hyperkalemia.

Diuretic used for high blood pressure and fluid retention.

Loop diuretic used to treat fluid retention and edema.

Predictable chest pain, often with strenuous activity.

Chest pain that changes or worsens, potentially a heart attack.

Chest pain caused by spasm in coronary arteries.

ST-elevation myocardial infarction—a heart attack.

Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, sometimes heart attack.

Used in angina, including unstable angina and Prinzmetal angina.

Blood test to diagnose heart damage (usually from a heart attack).

Treatment protocol for suspected heart attack (Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin).

A drug used to treat lung congestion, but toxic to the lungs.

Medications to restore a normal heart rhythm.

Medication that inhibits sodium channels in heart cells to treat life-threatening arrhythmias.

A calcium channel blocker that dilates coronary arteries, lowering blood pressure and heart rate.

Complementary therapy that makes the urine acidic, inhibiting some bacteria, but there's debate.

Electrical response that causes muscle contraction in the heart.

Recharging or resting phase after the electrical impulse of muscle contraction.

Electrical activity of the heart on an ECG tracing.

ECG wave representing atrial depolarization.

ECG complex representing ventricular depolarization.

ECG wave representing ventricular repolarization.

Shock caused by significant blood loss.

Average blood pressure during one cardiac cycle.

Administration of complete blood in severe cases of blood loss.

Procedure for safely administering blood products, including consent, matching, and monitoring.

Blood products must be infused using normal saline to prevent clogging.

Checking compatibility of donor and recipient blood types to prevent reactions.

Observing patient for signs of a reaction during or after a blood product transfusion.

Low neutrophil count, increasing the risk of infection.

Medication given to increase neutrophil count.

Low platelet count.

Blood flow to the kidneys, essential for kidney function, and damage from low perfusion can cause kidney damage.

Low blood volume (hypovolemia) reduces blood flow to the kidneys, potentially damaging them.

Kidney damage caused by reduced blood flow before reaching the kidneys.

Severe infections (sepsis) can damage the kidneys due to their effect on blood flow and body-wide inflammation.

Good kidney function; a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) above 90 is optimal.

Hormone made by kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production.

Stages 1-5 describe the progression of chronic kidney disease, reflecting declining kidney function.

Severe kidney failure, marked by a drastically reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Surgical connection for dialysis access; Assess carefully; avoid BP/IVs on that side.

Sudden loss of kidney function.

To adequately perfuse organs, including the kidneys; a minimum target, lower may indicate poor perfusion

Drugs preventing potassium loss in urine (e.g., spironolactone).

Potassium-sparing diuretic. Watch for potassium buildup (hyperkalemia).

Diuretic; early distal tubule effect; take in the morning; watch K+ level.

Loop diuretic. Monitor potassium levels. More potent.

Predictable chest pain often triggered by activity; often managed with beta-blockers.

Chest pain that changes or worsens, potentially a warning sign of a heart attack; Beta-blocker and nitroglycerin

Chest pain caused by coronary artery spasm, often treated with calcium channel blockers.

Heart attack (myocardial infarction) characterized by ST-segment elevation on ECG.

Heart attack (myocardial infarction) with no ST-segment elevation on ECG; possible heart attack but less severe.

Medications used for angina (including unstable and Prinzmetal) to help control chest pain and lower blood pressure.

Sublingual nitroglycerin used for chest pain; call 911; monitor

Blood test to check for heart damage, often a sign of a heart attack.

Treatment protocol for suspected heart attack: Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin.

Increased fluid in the lungs, potentially a medical emergency.

Drug used to treat lung congestion, but toxic to the lungs.

Medications used to correct abnormal heart rhythms.

Medication that blocks sodium channels, often for life-threatening heart rhythm problems.

Calcium channel blocker that dilates coronary arteries, lowers blood pressure and heart rate.

Complementary therapy that makes urine acidic, potentially affecting some bacteria.

Electrical event in the heart that leads to muscle contraction.

Electrical event in the heart that causes muscle relaxation.

ECG waves representing the heart's electrical activity.

ECG wave indicating atrial contraction/depolarization.

ECG complex representing ventricular contraction/depolarization.

ECG wave indicating ventricular relaxation/repolarization.

Shock caused by significant blood loss.

Average blood pressure during one cardiac cycle.

Giving complete blood in severe cases with significant blood loss

Procedure for safely administering blood products.

Blood products given with normal saline only

Checking for compatibility between donor and recipient blood types.

Observing for signs of a reaction during or after a blood transfusion.

Low neutrophil count, increasing risk of infection.

Medication to increase neutrophil count.

Low platelet count.

Blood flow to the kidneys; crucial for kidney function.

Low blood volume reduces kidney blood flow, potentially causing damage.

Kidney damage from insufficient blood flow before reaching the kidneys.

Kidney damage caused by severe infection (sepsis).

Measurement of kidney's blood filtering ability.

Good kidney function; higher is better.

Kidney-produced hormone for red blood cell production.

Stages 1-5 show CKD progression, worsening kidney function.

Severe kidney failure; low GFR (<15).

Surgical connection for dialysis access.

Sudden kidney function loss.

Minimum blood pressure to adequately perfuse organs; kidneys included.

Prevent potassium loss in urine.

Potassium-sparing diuretic; watch for hyperkalemia.

Diuretic that affects the distal tubule, morning dose.

Loop diuretic, more potent than HCTZ, for lung crackles.

Predictable chest pain, often with activity.

Changing/worsening chest pain; possible heart attack.

Chest pain from coronary artery spasm.

Heart attack; ST-segment elevation on ECG.

Heart attack; no ST-segment elevation on ECG.

Used for angina, including unstable and Prinzmetal's.

Blood test to check for heart damage, often associated with a heart attack.

Treatment protocol for suspected heart attack: Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin.

Increased fluid in the lungs.

Drug for lung congestion, but toxic to the lungs.

Medications to correct abnormal heart rhythms.

Medication for life-threatening heart rhythms, block sodium.

Calcium channel blocker, dilates coronary arteries, lowers blood pressure & heart rate.

Complementary therapy that makes urine acidic.

Electrical event in the heart leading to muscle contraction.

Electrical event making the heart muscle relax.

ECG waves representing heart's electrical activity.

ECG wave showing atrial contraction/depolarization.

ECG complex showing ventricular contraction/depolarization.

ECG wave showing ventricular relaxation/repolarization.

Shock caused by significant blood loss.

Average blood pressure during one cardiac cycle.

Giving complete blood in severe cases with significant blood loss.

Procedure for safely administering blood products.

Blood products given with normal saline only

Checking compatibility between donor and recipient blood types.

Observing for signs of a reaction during or after a blood transfusion.

Low neutrophil count, increasing risk of infection.

Medication to increase neutrophil count.

Low platelet count.