Kidney Energetics and Metabolism Overview

<p>Long-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anabolic processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recruitment of immune cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promoting lipogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondrial biogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acts as a nutrient sensor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Permanent cell cycle arrest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as the ‘pacemaker’ for cellular respiration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and proximal straight tubule (PST) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute kidney injury (AKI) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arachidonic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases hypertension. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes breaks in mitochondrial DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal tubules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases ROS production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissipates proton motive force (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-coactivator 1⍺ (PGC-1⍺) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Degrading damaged mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It converts hydrogen peroxide to water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes elongation for oxidative phosphorylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondrial homeostasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ROS activates NRF2 to promote antioxidant responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the main targets and also sources of ROS. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal blood flow (RBF) autoregulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute kidney injury (AKI) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-coactivator 1⍺ (PGC-1⍺) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissipates proton motive force (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Degrades damaged mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nitric oxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The kidney's high oxygen consumption, blood flow, and susceptibility to hypoxic injury, requiring lots of ATP for function.

Crucial for cellular respiration in the kidney, acting as a "pacemaker" for this process.

Primary site in the kidney for drug metabolism, including both phase I and phase II reactions.

Different parts of the nephron (e.g., PCT, TALH, DCT) have varying abilities to oxidize glucose and lactate.

Competition between drugs for renal transport systems can lead to reduced efficacy or toxicity.

The kidney can produce glucose and is primarily located in proximal segments (PCT, PST).

A metabolite that regulates blood pressure, reduces inflammation and injury within the kidney.

Cytochrome P450 enzymes play a role in drug metabolism but also process natural chemicals.

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) disrupt kidney mitochondria, impairing their function.

Different nephron segments show diverse density of mitochondria, reflecting their varying transport needs.

Chemicals that can increase the production of ROS in cytoplasm and mitochondria, potentially leading to cellular damage.

An enzyme that can contribute to ROS production.

A protein activated by ROS, which triggers the production of antioxidant enzymes.

An enzyme that neutralizes superoxide anions, preventing further damage.

Enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide to water, using glutathione as a cofactor.

Process of removing damaged mitochondria.

Joining of two mitochondria.

Splitting of a mitochondrion into two.

Creation of new mitochondria.

Protein that activates mitochondrial biogenesis.

Nuclear respiratory factors that regulate cellular processes.

A serine-threonine kinase complex involved in cell growth and nutrient sensing.

A component of mTOR affecting cell growth and proliferation; nutrient sensor.

A part of mTOR that regulates K+ and Na+ levels in kidneys.

A nutrient sensor promoting catabolic processes; activated by low energy.

NAD+-dependent deacetylases influencing gene expression and cellular function.

A sirtuin promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and Oxphos.

A sirtuin regulating mitochondrial antioxidant pathways and ATP production.

Permanent cell cycle arrest due to accumulated damage.

Kidney loses nephrons, leading to functional adaptation.

Activation of PGC-1⍺ is triggered by various signals, including exercise, caloric restriction, and specific chemicals like PPARs and ERRs.

Mitochondrial fusion combines two mitochondria, extending the network and maintaining oxidative phosphorylation. Fission splits a mitochondrion, isolating damaged parts for disposal.

Kidneys have a high metabolic rate, requiring a lot of ATP. This is because they filter blood, produce essential proteins, and are very sensitive to oxygen deprivation. This need for ATP supports key functions like sodium-potassium pumping, vital protein synthesis, and glucose production.

The proximal tubule (PCT) is the primary site of drug metabolism in the kidney, containing all major enzymes of phase I and phase II metabolism. These enzymes break down or modify drugs, influencing their effectiveness and how they are eliminated from the body.

This enzyme is crucial for maintaining the proper balance of sodium and potassium in kidney cells. It's like a pump that pushes sodium out and potassium in, a process needed for crucial kidney functions, including regulating blood pressure and filtering waste.

These are molecules produced from arachidonic acid in the kidney, playing important roles in regulating blood pressure and protecting kidney function. EETs help reduce inflammation and salt retention, while 20-HETE keeps blood pressure down and helps regulate blood flow.

Mitochondria, the powerhouse of cells, are concentrated in the proximal tubules (PCT) and thick ascending limb (mTALH) of the kidney. This is because these sections are heavily involved in transporting substances (drugs, waste, nutrients).