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Questions and Answers
What were the primary goals of the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements during 1919-1922?
What were the primary goals of the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements during 1919-1922?
Which specific event highlighted the brutal nature of British rule leading to discontent in India?
Which specific event highlighted the brutal nature of British rule leading to discontent in India?
What consequence did the division of the Ottoman Empire have on Indian Muslims?
What consequence did the division of the Ottoman Empire have on Indian Muslims?
What impact did the economic hardships faced by Indians after the First World War have on societal attitudes?
What impact did the economic hardships faced by Indians after the First World War have on societal attitudes?
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Which leaders were instrumental in initiating the Khilafat Movement?
Which leaders were instrumental in initiating the Khilafat Movement?
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What was the primary goal of the All India Khilafat Committee when it was formed in 1919?
What was the primary goal of the All India Khilafat Committee when it was formed in 1919?
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Which of the following demands was NOT made by Indian Muslims during the Khilafat Movement?
Which of the following demands was NOT made by Indian Muslims during the Khilafat Movement?
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Why was the support of the Congress vital for the success of the Khilafat Movement?
Why was the support of the Congress vital for the success of the Khilafat Movement?
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What event prompted Mahatma Gandhi to initiate the Non-Cooperation Movement?
What event prompted Mahatma Gandhi to initiate the Non-Cooperation Movement?
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When did Mahatma Gandhi inaugurate the non-cooperation campaign?
When did Mahatma Gandhi inaugurate the non-cooperation campaign?
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Study Notes
Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement Overview
- Two significant mass movements against British rule in India occurred between 1919-1922: the Khilafat movement and the Non-Cooperation movement.
- Both movements employed a strategy of non-violent resistance and aimed for self-governance, uniting the Congress and Muslim League in political demonstrations.
Causes of the Movements
- Government Hostilities: Brutal actions like the Rowlatt Act, martial law in Punjab, and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre highlighted the harshness of colonial rule. The Hunter Commission was seen as ineffective, and British approval of General Dyer’s actions intensified public outrage.
- Discontented Indians: The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, specifically the Dyarchy scheme, did not meet the increasing demand for self-government.
- Economic Hardships: Post-War inflation and decreased industrial production strained the economy, burdening all social classes and exacerbating anti-British sentiment.
Khilafat Movement
- The sultan of Turkey was viewed by Muslims, including those in India, as a spiritual leader (Khalifa). Turkey allied with Germany and Austria during WWI against the British.
- Disappointed Indian Muslims, who initially supported the British under the assumption that the Khalifa would retain control of sacred sites, reacted to the dismantling of the Ottoman Empire and Khalifa’s diminished authority with ire.
- The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was initiated by the Ali brothers (Shoukat Ali and Mohammad Ali) to advocate for the Khalifa’s rights.
- Formed the All India Khilafat Committee in early 1919, bringing together leaders like Maulana Abul Kalam Azad to mobilize support for their cause, culminating in a nationwide boycott of British goods.
Non-Cooperation Movement
- Inspired by the Khilafat Movement, Mahatma Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement on August 1, 1919, emphasizing non-violence and national unity.
- The movement encouraged the boycott of British institutions, titles, and goods, leading to public bonfires of foreign cloth and a significant decline in imports.
Social Participation in the Movement
- Students, middle-class individuals, businessmen, peasants, and women actively participated, with students abandoning government schools and women contributing financially and socially.
- The Tilak Swaraj Fund was launched to finance the movement, commemorating the legacy of Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Government Response
- The British government responded with violence, including police firing at demonstrators and the declaration of Congress and Khilafat organizations as illegal.
- Many leaders were arrested, with Gandhi later sentenced to six years in jail.
Withdrawal of the Movement
- The Non-Cooperation Movement faced a pivotal moment with the Chauri Chaura incident in February 1922, where violent clashes led to the deaths of policemen, prompting Gandhi to withdraw the movement.
- Disagreement among nationalist leaders regarding the withdrawal marked a turning point, despite Gandhi's decision driven by the movement's increasing violence.
Causes of Movement's Failure
- Lack of government negotiations and waning support rendered the movement fatigued.
- The relevance of the Khilafat issue diminished as Turkey underwent a transformation into a secular state under Mustafa Kamal Pasha.
- Limited response from elite urban centers and misunderstanding of non-violence among participants further hindered the movement's effectiveness.
Impact of the Non-Cooperation Movement
- The movement significantly politicized diverse groups across India, fostering nationalist sentiments among artisans, peasants, students, women, and traders.
- Established educational and national institutions, nurturing the ideas of Swaraj and Swadeshi.
- The Khilafat issue served as a unifying factor for Hindus and Muslims, while economic repercussions led to a substantial decline in foreign goods traded in India.
Key Events
- Treaty of Sevres (May 1920) led to the dismemberment of Turkey, causing further unrest.
- An all-party conference in June 1920 endorsed boycotts of educational and legal institutions, asking Gandhi to spearhead the movement.
- Officially launched in August 1920, the Congress adopted a non-cooperation strategy until redress was made for the Punjab and Khilafat grievances.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements that took place in India between 1919 and 1922. This quiz explores their motivations, key events, and the collaboration between different political factions against British rule. Discover how these mass movements shaped the fight for India's independence.
