Key WWII Terms and Australian Civil Rights

Key WWII Terms

• Alliances: Agreements between countries to support each other
• Appeasement: Giving in to avoid conflict, for example letting Hitler expand
• Fascism: A dictatorship that promotes extreme nationalism
• Indoctrination: Teaching people to follow beliefs without questioning
• Militarism: Building strong armies for power
• Nationalism: Loyalty and pride in one's country
• Propaganda: Biased information to influence opinions

Australian Civil Rights Movements - Historical Policies

• Aboriginal Protection Acts (1800s): Policies aiming to protect Aboriginal peoples, but often resulted in them being relocated to missions and reserves, pushing them off their traditional lands.
• Assimilation policies (1940s-1960s): These policies continued, forcing many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to give up their culture, often forcibly removing children from their families.
• National Apology (2008): An apology delivered by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd for the mistreatment of Aboriginal peoples under historical policies.

Australian Civil Rights Movements - Key Events

• The Day of Mourning (1938): A protest against the loss of land, mistreatment, and inequality, marking the 150th anniversary of the arrival of the First Fleet in Australia, led by activists William Cooper and Jack Patten.
• The Wave Hill Walk-Off (1966): A protest by Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory against poor working conditions and unfair wages, led by Vincent Lingiari. The strike successfully resulted in land rights for the Gurindji people, a historic moment.

WWII - Key Events (ordered chronologically from the provided text)

• Kristallnacht (1938)
• Invasion of Poland (1939)
• Pearl Harbor Attack (1941)
• Bombing of Darwin (1942)
• Fall of Singapore (1942)
• Wannsee Conference (1942)
• Germany's surrender in Europe (1945)
• Atomic bombing of Hiroshima (1945)
• Atomic bombing of Nagasaki (1945)
• Japan's surrender in the Pacific (1945)
• Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Types of Reconciliation

• Practical Reconciliation: Actions aimed at improving living standards and opportunities for Indigenous communities, for example the Closing the Gap initiative.
• Symbolic Reconciliation: Recognizing past wrongs and acknowledging Indigenous culture and history, such as the 2008 apology by Kevin Rudd.

Court Hierarchy and Jurisdictions

• Top: High Court

• Second: Supreme Court

• Third: County Court

• Bottom: Magistrates' Court

• Supreme Court: Hears serious criminal offences, such as murder, and civil cases over $100,000.

• County Court: Hears criminal offences, like armed robbery, and civil cases above $100,000.

• Magistrates' Court: Hears minor criminal cases (like driving offences) and civil cases below $100,000.

• High Court Jurisdiction: Interprets the Australian Constitution, manages disputes between states, and hears appeals from state and territory courts.

Civics and Citizenship -Mabo Case

• Central Issue: Recognition of First Nations Peoples' land rights
• Case Details: Eddie Mabo challenged the legal doctrine of terra nullius
• Outcome: High Court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, acknowledging native title rights (1992).
• Significance: Landmark case leading to the Native Title Act (1993), ensuring land rights for First Nations.

Civics and Citizenship – Express and Implied Rights

• Express Rights: Rights explicitly written in the Constitution, e.g., freedom of religion (Section 116)
• Implied Rights: Rights interpreted by the High Court, that are not explicitly stated in the constitution, e.g., right to freedom of political communication

Source 1: Hiroshima Photo

• Author: Yosuke Yamahata (Japanese military photographer)
• Date: August 6, 1945 (day after atomic bombing)
• Audience: Primarily Japanese population, later global audience
• Message: Showed human suffering and destruction of the atomic bomb
• Purpose: Document the effects of the bombing and serve as a visual reminder of war's tragic consequences.

Source 2: Concentration Camp Photo

• Author: Unknown
• Date: 1945 (likely)
• Audience: Allied forces, later global
• Message: Depicted the brutality of the Holocaust
• Purpose: Show inhuman treatment, extreme malnutrition, and suffering under Nazi rule.

World War II Questions

• Event that started WWII: German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939.
• Nazis used propaganda: To spread their ideology and promote loyalty.
• Final Solution: The Nazi plan to exterminate the Jewish population.
• Atomic Bombing Sites: Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.

Australian Civil Rights and Reconciliation Questions

• Define racism: Discrimination or prejudice based on race or ethnicity
• Practical vs. symbolic reconciliation: Practical – actions improving Indigenous lives; Symbolic – acknowledgment of past injustices.
• Day of Mourning Protests (1938): Protests by First Nations people against land loss and mistreatment
• Rudd's 2008 Apology Speech: Acknowledged harm of the Stolen Generations and aimed for reconciliation.
• Missions vs. Reserves: Missions were religious institutions aiming to assimilate First Nations people; Reserves were government-controlled areas for segregation.

Civics and Citizenship Questions

• Human Rights: Rights like freedom of speech and education.
• Magistrates' vs. County Court: Magistrates' handle minor cases in the County court handles serious criminal and civil matters.

High Court Jurisdiction

• Interprets the Constitution.
• Resolves disputes between states.
• Hears appeals from state and territory courts.