Hums Revision PDF - Australian History and Civics

Key Terms – WWII 1. Alliances: Agreements between countries to support each other. 2. Appeasement: Giving in to avoid conflict (e.g., letting Hitler expand). 3. Fascism: A dictatorship promoting extreme nationalism. 4. Indoctrination: Teaching people to follow beliefs without qu...

Key Terms – WWII 1. Alliances: Agreements between countries to support each other. 2. Appeasement: Giving in to avoid conflict (e.g., letting Hitler expand). 3. Fascism: A dictatorship promoting extreme nationalism. 4. Indoctrination: Teaching people to follow beliefs without questioning. 5. Militarism: Building strong armies for power. 6. Nationalism: Loyalty and pride in one’s country. 7. Propaganda: Biased information to influence opinions. Australian Civil Rights Movements – Historical policies and their impacts Historical government policies began with the Aboriginal Protection Acts, which were officially established in the 1800s. These collection of policies were based on the concept of protection, as they pushed First Nations Peoples off their traditional lands and into missions and reserves located on the outskirts of the new settlements. By the late 1930s, government legislation had developed into a more unified approach aimed at assimilation. These new policies continued from the late 1940s to the late 1960s, and throughout this time, many First Nations Peoples were negatively affected. Under these historical government policies, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples were forced to abandon their culture in exchange for basic human rights, and forcibly removed children from their families – an event now known as The Stolen Generations. On 13th February 2008, during the Era of Reconciliation, a national apology was delivered by then Prime Minister Kevin Rudd. Australian Civil Rights Movements – Key Events The Day of Mourning It occurred on 26th January 1938, which was the 150th anniversary of the arrival of the First Fleet to Australia. First Nations People were protesting against the loss of land, mistreatment, and inequality, and it was led by William Cooper (in VIC) and Jack Patten (in NSW). The outcome of this event was greater awareness of Aboriginal rights and injustices. The Wave Hill Walk-Off  It occurred on 23rd August 1966, in the Northern Territory. First Nations People were originally protesting against the poor working conditions and unfair wages and was led by Vincent Lingiari. Soon, this event became about land rights, and in 1975, the strike finally ended – this ended up being Australia’s first successful land rights movement. In 1975, then Prime Minister Gough Whitlam "handed back" over 3300 square kilometres of the Gurindji people's traditional lands. Types of Reconciliation Practical: Definition: Actions aimed at improving living standards and opportunities for Indigenous communities. Example: Closing the Gap initiative. Symbolic: Definition: Recognizing past wrongs and acknowledging Indigenous culture and history. Example: The 2008 Apology speech by Kevin Rudd. Civics and Citizenship – Court Hierarchy and Jurisdictions Label the court hierarchy: Top: High Court Second: Supreme Court Third: County Court Bottom: Magistrates' Court Identify the court that matches the jurisdiction: 1. Hears serious criminal offences, such as murder, civil cases over $100,000: Supreme Court 2. Hears criminal offences, such as armed robbery and civil cases over $100,000: County Court 3. Hears minor criminal cases, such as driving offences and civil cases below $100,000: Magistrates' Court The High Court’s jurisdiction:  It is the most senior court that Australia has in its judicial system, was established in 1901 by Section 71 of the Constitution, and gained its jurisdictions through Sections 75 and 76. Its main role is to interpret and apply the law of Australia, which is important because it ensures that laws are consistent with the Constitution. Its jurisdiction also includes resolving disputes between states, hearing appeals from state and territory courts, and interpreting the Constitution. Civics and Citizenship – The Mabo Case Structure the case analysis (central, the case, outcome, significance): Central: The case was about the recognition of First Nations Peoples' land rights. The Case: Eddie Mabo challenged the legal doctrine of terra nullius. Outcome: In 1992, the High Court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, acknowledging native title rights. Significance: It was a landmark case that led to the creation of the Native Title Act 1993, ensuring land rights for First Nations Peoples. Civics and Citizenship – Express and Implied Rights Express rights (definition): Rights explicitly written in the Constitution. ○ Example: Section 116 – Freedom of religion. Implied rights (definition): Rights interpreted by the High Court but not explicitly stated. ○ Example: The right to freedom of political communication. WWII – Order these events from 1 to 11 1. Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) – 1938 2. The invasion of Poland – 1939 3. Pearl Harbor is attacked by Japan – 1941 4. The Bombing of Darwin – 1942 5. The fall of Singapore – 1942 6. The Wannsee Conference – 1942 7. Germany officially surrenders, ending the war in Europe – 1945 8. America drops the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima – 1945 9. America drops the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki – 1945 10. Japan officially surrenders, ending the war in the Pacific – 1945 11. Germany is forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles – 1919 (Note: Kristallnacht and the Treaty of Versailles happen before and after WWII but are critical to its context.) Source 1: Hiroshima Photo Author: Yosuke Yamahata, a Japanese military photographer. Date: August 6, 1945, the day after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. Audience: Primarily the Japanese population, but later a global audience as the images were widely published to highlight the devastating effects of nuclear weapons. Message: The photo shows the human suffering and destruction caused by the atomic bomb, aiming to evoke sympathy and highlight the need to prevent the use of nuclear weapons in the future. Agenda: Likely intended to document the effects of the bombing for historical purposes and to serve as a visual reminder of the catastrophic consequences of war, particularly nuclear warfare. Nature: A black-and-white photograph taken on-site, serving as primary visual evidence of the aftermath of Hiroshima. Technique: The use of raw, unfiltered imagery to provoke an emotional response from the audience, emphasizing the scale of destruction and human suffering. Source 2: Concentration Camp Photo Author: Unknown photographer, documenting the conditions of Russian, Polish, and Dutch slave laborers in Buchenwald concentration camp during WWII. Date: Likely taken in 1945, toward the end of WWII. Audience: Initially intended for Allied forces and post-war tribunals, but later shared globally to raise awareness about the Holocaust and Nazi atrocities. Message: The image highlights the inhumane treatment, extreme malnutrition, and suffering endured by prisoners under Nazi rule. Agenda: To expose the brutality of the Holocaust and underscore the need for accountability and justice after the war. Nature: A stark, black-and-white photograph serving as primary evidence of war crimes and human rights violations. Technique: Captures the emaciated bodies of the laborers to create a shocking and impactful image, invoking outrage and a call for justice. World War II Questions  1. Event that started WWII: The official start of WWII was Germany’s invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939. 2. Define appeasement: Appeasement is the policy of conceding to aggressive demands to avoid conflict, such as Britain and France allowing Hitler to annex land to prevent war. 3. Nazi propaganda purpose: Nazi propaganda aimed to spread Hitler’s ideologies and create loyalty to the regime, supporting indoctrination by influencing people, especially youth, through media like posters and films. 4. Final Solution: The Final Solution was the Nazi plan to exterminate the Jewish population, decided at the Wannsee Conference in Berlin in January 1942. 5. Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The war in the Pacific ended after the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, leading to Japan’s surrender shortly after. Australian Civil Rights and Reconciliation Questions 1. Define racism: Racism is the discrimination or prejudice against someone based on their race or ethnicity. 2. Practical vs symbolic reconciliation: ○ Practical reconciliation focuses on actions like improving Indigenous health and education, as seen in the Closing the Gap initiative. ○ Symbolic reconciliation acknowledges past injustices, such as the 2008 Apology Speech to the Stolen Generations. 3. Day of Mourning protests: The Day of Mourning protests occurred on January 26, 1938, where First Nations people protested the loss of their land, rights, and freedoms due to colonization. 4. Rudd’s 2008 Apology Speech significance: Kevin Rudd’s speech was significant because it officially acknowledged the harm caused by the Stolen Generations and aimed to foster reconciliation and healing. 5. Missions vs reserves: ○ Missions were religious-run institutions that aimed to assimilate First Nations people into Western culture. ○ Reserves were government-controlled areas where First Nations people were segregated and forced to live. Civics and Citizenship Questions 1. Two human rights: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights protects rights such as freedom of speech and the right to education. 2. Magistrates’ vs County Court: ○ The Magistrates’ Court handles minor cases like driving offenses and small civil disputes.  ○ The County Court deals with more serious criminal cases like armed robbery and larger civil disputes. 3. High Court jurisdiction: The High Court is Australia’s most senior court, responsible for interpreting the Constitution, resolving disputes between states, and hearing significant federal cases. 4. Express vs implied rights: ○ Express rights are explicitly written in the Constitution, such as the right to vote. ○ Implied rights are interpreted by the High Court, such as the implied freedom of political communication. 5. Significance of Mabo case: The Mabo v Queensland (1992) case was significant because it recognized Native Title, overturning the concept of Terra Nullius, and acknowledged First Nations peoples’ connection to the land.