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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of the dispositional domain in personality psychology?
What is the primary focus of the dispositional domain in personality psychology?
Which approach to personality emphasizes the biological systems that influence behavior?
Which approach to personality emphasizes the biological systems that influence behavior?
What method is commonly used in idiographic studies within personality psychology?
What method is commonly used in idiographic studies within personality psychology?
What is the primary theme of the intrapsychic domain in personality psychology?
What is the primary theme of the intrapsychic domain in personality psychology?
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Which type of study compares people across various demographic factors like age and culture?
Which type of study compares people across various demographic factors like age and culture?
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Which of the following best describes a focus of personality psychologists?
Which of the following best describes a focus of personality psychologists?
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What is a key characteristic of nomothetic research in personality psychology?
What is a key characteristic of nomothetic research in personality psychology?
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What is the main assumption of the biological approaches to personality?
What is the main assumption of the biological approaches to personality?
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Which of the following adjectives best describes the trait of Agreeableness?
Which of the following adjectives best describes the trait of Agreeableness?
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What does Conscientiousness primarily reflect in an individual?
What does Conscientiousness primarily reflect in an individual?
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Which trait is characterized by being calm and composed?
Which trait is characterized by being calm and composed?
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People who score high on Intellect-Openness tend to have which of the following traits?
People who score high on Intellect-Openness tend to have which of the following traits?
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In the study of personality traits, combinations of Big Five variables can lead to differing profiles. What might differentiate two people high in extraversion?
In the study of personality traits, combinations of Big Five variables can lead to differing profiles. What might differentiate two people high in extraversion?
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What is a key feature of personality-descriptive nouns according to Saucier?
What is a key feature of personality-descriptive nouns according to Saucier?
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What is one of the factors discovered by Saucier in his 2003 work on personality nouns?
What is one of the factors discovered by Saucier in his 2003 work on personality nouns?
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Which model serves as an alternative to the Five-Factor Model?
Which model serves as an alternative to the Five-Factor Model?
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What is the primary advantage of using the case study method in research?
What is the primary advantage of using the case study method in research?
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What does criterion validity examine in a test?
What does criterion validity examine in a test?
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Which approach involves analyzing language to determine personality traits?
Which approach involves analyzing language to determine personality traits?
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What is the goal of the statistical approach in personality research?
What is the goal of the statistical approach in personality research?
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What does the lexical hypothesis propose about individual differences?
What does the lexical hypothesis propose about individual differences?
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In the context of the lexical approach, what does synonym frequency indicate?
In the context of the lexical approach, what does synonym frequency indicate?
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Which approach to personality traits starts with a pre-existing theory to identify relevant variables?
Which approach to personality traits starts with a pre-existing theory to identify relevant variables?
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What is the main purpose of the case study method in researching rare phenomena?
What is the main purpose of the case study method in researching rare phenomena?
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What does the term 'trait-descriptive adjectives' refer to?
What does the term 'trait-descriptive adjectives' refer to?
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Which statement best describes 'psychological traits'?
Which statement best describes 'psychological traits'?
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What are 'average tendencies' in personality psychology?
What are 'average tendencies' in personality psychology?
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What is the primary feature of 'psychological mechanisms'?
What is the primary feature of 'psychological mechanisms'?
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What does 'within the individual' imply in personality psychology?
What does 'within the individual' imply in personality psychology?
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What does 'organized' suggest when discussing personality traits?
What does 'organized' suggest when discussing personality traits?
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How do 'psychological mechanisms' differ from personality traits?
How do 'psychological mechanisms' differ from personality traits?
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What are the implications of psychological traits being 'stable and consistent'?
What are the implications of psychological traits being 'stable and consistent'?
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What is the primary concern in negligent hiring cases?
What is the primary concern in negligent hiring cases?
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What does the Female Underprediction Effect indicate?
What does the Female Underprediction Effect indicate?
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What does Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 mandate?
What does Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 mandate?
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What was the outcome of the Griggs v. Duke Power case?
What was the outcome of the Griggs v. Duke Power case?
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What is the aim of the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures?
What is the aim of the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures?
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Negligent hiring claims often seek compensation for which type of incidents?
Negligent hiring claims often seek compensation for which type of incidents?
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How did the Supreme Court's ruling in Griggs v. Duke Power impact hiring practices?
How did the Supreme Court's ruling in Griggs v. Duke Power impact hiring practices?
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What characteristic is primarily assessed through personality testing in the context of hiring?
What characteristic is primarily assessed through personality testing in the context of hiring?
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What change is observed in men's ambition as they advance in management roles?
What change is observed in men's ambition as they advance in management roles?
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Which personality trait is associated with a higher likelihood of academic failure among impulsive individuals?
Which personality trait is associated with a higher likelihood of academic failure among impulsive individuals?
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What is the relationship between self-esteem changes from adolescence to adulthood in boys and girls?
What is the relationship between self-esteem changes from adolescence to adulthood in boys and girls?
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Which trait is negatively correlated with financial security according to impulsivity studies?
Which trait is negatively correlated with financial security according to impulsivity studies?
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What characteristic did the study on alcoholics reveal in relation to impulse control?
What characteristic did the study on alcoholics reveal in relation to impulse control?
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What change is typically observed in the femininity of women from ages 40 to 50?
What change is typically observed in the femininity of women from ages 40 to 50?
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Which factor is NOT identified as a predictor of long life?
Which factor is NOT identified as a predictor of long life?
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Which group did NOT experience an increase in independence according to research?
Which group did NOT experience an increase in independence according to research?
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What is the expected change in self-assessed competence among women according to the studies?
What is the expected change in self-assessed competence among women according to the studies?
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Which concept encompasses personal development aspects such as rank order stability and personality coherence?
Which concept encompasses personal development aspects such as rank order stability and personality coherence?
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Study Notes
Key Terms in Personality Psychology (Chapters 1-5)
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Trait-descriptive adjectives: Words that describe enduring personality traits.
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Personality: The organized set of psychological traits and mechanisms (consistent patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior) within an individual that shape interactions and adaptations to environments.
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Psychological traits: Characteristics that describe how people are unique or different from one another; they are relatively consistent over time.
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Average tendencies: A person's tendency to behave in certain ways with a certain degree of regularity. This concept is vital to understanding how the principle of aggregation works effectively in evaluating personality.
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Psychological mechanisms: Similar to traits but describe the processes within personality; they involve information processing, decision-making and output (behavior)
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Within the individual: Personality resides within the person, influencing how they behave in various situations in a fairly consistent manner.
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Organized and enduring: Personality traits and mechanisms are linked to each other and are generally stable over time and across different environments.
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Influential forces: Personality traits and mechanisms directly affect how individuals relate with the world around them, their views of themselves, and their behaviors.
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Person-environment interactions: Personality encompasses a person's perceptions of situations, interactions with various environments, influence on others, and their impact on the way others respond.
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Adaptation: A central feature of personality; it focuses on how people adjust to life's challenges, complete goals, cope, and adjust.
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Environment: Includes physical, social, and intrapsychic factors, all of which are influenced by individual personalities.
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Human nature: Common traits and mechanisms that are shared by all or nearly all people.
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Individual differences: Ways in which people vary from each other; these differences can result from factors like culture, age, and social and political beliefs.
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Differences among groups: Ways in which personality characteristics differ between cultural groups, age groups, and others.
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Nomothetic: The study of general characteristics of people in a population. Often involves statistical comparisons between individuals or groups.
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Idiographic: The study of individual cases and individual differences. Examines general principles of personality within an individual's lifetime.
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Domain of knowledge: A specific area within psychology used to understand a specific aspect of human behavior.
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Dispositional domain: Examines behavioral differences between individuals, focusing on traits, taxonomies, measurement techniques, and individual consistency over time and circumstances.
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Biological domain: This domain of personality examines the biological basis of behavior examining the influences of genetics, biology and evolution on personality.
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Intrapsychic domain: Focuses on internal mental mechanisms, often unconscious motivations, and processes, such as Freud's psychoanalysis
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Cognitive-experiential domain: Explores thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and desires, including conscious experience, and how they shape behavior.
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Social and cultural domain: Examines the significant impact of social and cultural values on personality.
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Adjustment domain: Looks at how individuals manage, adapt, and cope with life challenges, often with consideration of health consequences.
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Good theory: A theory that explains existing data, generates testable predictions, helps researchers guide explorations and organize data.
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Scientific Standards for evaluating personality theories: Includes characteristics like comprehensiveness, heuristic value, testability, parsimony, and compatibility across domains.
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Self-Report Data (S-Data): Information provided by the individual about themselves.
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Structured and unstructured: Different formats for self-report instruments differing in structure and format.
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Likert rating scale: Used in psychological instruments, to measure attitudes or opinions.
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Experience Sampling: Frequent, short assessments of feelings, thoughts, or behavior in a variety of settings.
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Observer-Report Data (O-Data): Information reported about an individual from others who know the person.
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Inter-rater reliability: The correspondence between different observers' ratings of the same person.
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Multiple Social Personalities: Our behavior can vary considerably depending on the social context and our relationships with various people.
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Life-Outcome Data (L-Data): Information about the real world events and behaviors of individuals.
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Reliability: The consistency of a measurement.
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Repeated Measurement: A method to gauge reliability by assessing a measurement multiple times over a period of time.
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Response Sets: Answers unrelated to question content showing tendencies to agree or disagree regardless of question specifics.
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Noncontent Responding: Refers to answers unrelated to question content
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Extreme Responding: A response bias involving giving only extreme answers (e.g., always agreeing or disagreeing).
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Social Desirability: A tendency to give answers that reflect favorably on the individual.
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Forced-choice questionnaire: A forced choice between 2 similar or equal statements.
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Validity: The extent to which a measurement accurately represents the characteristic it is intended to measure.
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Face Validity: A superficial assessment of validity.
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Predictive Validity: The test's ability to predict future behavior
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Convergent Validity: The degree to which a measure correlates with other measures of similar constructs.
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Discriminant Validity: The degree to which a measure does not correlate with measures of dissimilar constructs.
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Construct Validity: The overall validity of a test to measure what is intended.
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Theoretical Constructs: Abstractions used to represent intangible and abstract concepts.
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Generalizability: The degree to which test results can be generalized to other populations, settings, and time periods.
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Experimental Methods: Involves manipulating variables to determine causality.
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Manipulation: Researchers deliberately change one variable.
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Random Assignment: Participants are assigned to conditions randomly.
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Counterbalancing: Used to ensure that all conditions have equal chances to be presented first.
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Statistically Significant: Results that are unlikely to be due to chance alone.
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Correlational Method: Studies the relationship between variables without manipulating them.
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Correlation Coefficient: A measure of the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.
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Directionality Problem: Difficulty in determining cause-effect when variables are correlated.
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Third-Variable Problem: When a 3rd unmeasured variable is influencing an apparent correlation.
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Case Study Method: In-depth examinations of individuals.
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Lexical Approach: Determine personality traits by analyzing language.
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Statistical Approach: Identify personality traits by analyzing the interrelationships between items.
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Theoretical Approach: Identify traits based on existing theories.
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Lexical Hypothesis: Most important aspects of personality are encoded in language.
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Synonym Frequency: Common words for a trait indicate its importance.
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Cross-Cultural Universality: If a trait is expressed in different cultures, it's likely to be important.
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Factor Analysis: A statistical method to identify underlying dimensions of personality.
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Factor Loadings: Indicate the relationship between each item with an underlying factor.
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Sociosexual Orientation: Mating strategies (committed relationships vs. promiscuity).
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Interpersonal Traits: Traits that pertain to how individuals interact with each other.
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Adjacency: Traits located closer together in a circumplex model are related / correlated with each other.
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Bipolarity: Opposite traits are located on opposite sides of a circumplex model / inversely related (correlated).
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Orthogonality: Traits are unrelated when perpendicular in a circumplex model.
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Five-Factor Model, HEXACO model: Commonly used taxonomies of personality traits (characteristics measured repeatedly and consistently in various contexts).
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Extraversion: A personality trait that refers to a person's sociability, assertiveness, and emotional expression.
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Agreeableness: A personality trait that indicates how kind, cooperative, and compassionate a person is. (Related to trusting other people)
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Conscientiousness: A personality trait that describes how dependable, organized, and achievement-oriented a person is.
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Intellect-Openness: (or openness to experience): A personality trait that refers to how open a person is to new ideas, experiences, and perspectives.
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Personality-Descriptive Nouns: Different ways of describing personality through phrases; not adjectives.
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Density Distribution: Represents a person's trait levels at different points in time.
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Overt and Covert Integrity Measures: Self-reports assessing honesty or integrity (explicit measures vs. more subtle ones).
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Levels of Analysis: Levels of analysis in psychological studies (population-level, group-level, and individual level).
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Age Effects: Changes over time due to aging processes.
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Cohort Effects: Changes over time due to generational experiences.
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Rank Order Stability: Maintaining relative positions in a group over time (e.g., in terms of height, personality traits).
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Situationism: The role of situations in determining behavior, with little to no role from personality traits.
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Person-situation interaction: Behavior results from interplay of both personal characteristics and situational factors.
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Aggregation: Averaging multiple observations to obtain a more reliable estimate of a trait.
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Situational Specificity: Behavior varies significantly across different situations.
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Strong Situations: Situations that evoke similar behavior from most people.
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Situational Selection: Tendency to choose situations that match one's personality/traits.
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Evocation: Certain traits can induce reactions from others (evoking specific behavior response).
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Manipulation: Changing variables to study their effects.
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Reliability, Validity, Response Sets: Methods to assess the accuracy and reliability of psychological tests.
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in personality psychology from Chapters 1-5. This quiz covers important terms like psychological traits, mechanisms, and average tendencies that define individual personalities. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their knowledge in this subject area.
