Personality Psychology: Traits and Taxonomies

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a key question addressed within the dispositional domain of personality?

  • How can we formulate a comprehensive taxonomy of traits?
  • How are traits related to biological factors? (correct)
  • How can we identify the most important traits?
  • How should we conceptualize traits?

Which of the following is a formulation of a trait as described in the provided text?

  • A learned behavior that changes with experience.
  • A specific response to a specific stimulus.
  • A consistent pattern of behavior across situations. (correct)
  • A biological predisposition influencing behavior.

The act frequency formulation of traits emphasizes which concept?

  • The frequency of specific behaviors as a measure of trait expression. (correct)
  • The influence of social roles on trait development.
  • The intensity of emotions as a reflection of trait strength.
  • The genetic basis of individual differences in traits.

Which approach to identifying the most important traits relies on identifying traits that are most highly correlated with other traits?

<p>The statistical approach. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a leading taxonomy of personality mentioned in the text?

<p>The Enneagram of Personality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five broad factors of the Five-Factor Model, as described in the text?

<p>Trust, Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fifth factor of the Five-Factor Model, and why is there disagreement about it?

<p>Openness-Intellect/Openness to Experience, because there is disagreement on the content and replicability of this factor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the listed traits are not included in the Five-Factor Model of Personality?

<p>Conscientiousness, Competence, Self-Discipline, Achievement, Dutifulness (A), Trust, Atruism, Tender-mindedness, Compliance, Modesty (B), All of the listed traits are part of the Five-Factor Model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which of the following supports the validity of the Five-Factor Model?

<p>All of the above support the validity of the Five-Factor Model. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the Five-Factor Model is not mentioned as being supported by the empirical evidence provided?

<p>The five-factor model is comprehensive and captures all important aspects of personality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an accomplishment of the frequency formulation?

<p>Predicting individual's behavior in specific situations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the statistical approach to identifying important traits?

<p>To identify major dimensions of personality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two criteria for identifying important traits in the lexical approach?

<p>Synonym frequency and cross-cultural universality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of the lexical approach?

<p>It focuses only on adjectives, neglecting other parts of speech that convey personality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of factor analysis in the statistical approach?

<p>To group items that covary together, suggesting underlying factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the theoretical approach to identifying important traits?

<p>It relies on empirical data to validate the chosen traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between the lexical and statistical approaches to identifying important traits?

<p>The lexical approach uses language while the statistical approach uses mathematical analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an advantage of using a combination of the three approaches for identifying important traits?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recognized taxonomy of personality?

<p>The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a taxonomy of personality?

<p>It classifies and organizes personality traits into a structured system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one limitation of the interpersonal map mentioned in the content?

<p>It is limited to a single dimension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which among the following is NOT one of the Five broad factors in the Five-Factor Model?

<p>Assertiveness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trait from the Five-Factor Model is associated with seeking excitement according to Norman's markers?

<p>Extraversion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a relationship type found in the interpersonal behaviour model?

<p>Adjacency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the gaps in research on interpersonal behaviour highlight?

<p>The neglect of potentially significant traits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a trait considered a part of the 'Dark Triad' of personality?

<p>Honesty-Humility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the HEXACO model from the Big Five model?

<p>The HEXACO model better captures certain negative personality traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major approach to identifying traits discussed in the text?

<p>Biological approach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, which personality model is credited to Del Paulhus?

<p>The Dark Triad (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary concept associated with the trait 'Openness to Experience'?

<p>Conventional (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three super traits identified in Eysenck's hierarchical model of personality?

<p>Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the lowest level in Eysenck's hierarchical model?

<p>Specific acts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation noted regarding Eysenck's biological underpinnings of personality traits?

<p>Many personality traits show similar heritability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major critique of Eysenck’s view on racial differences in IQ?

<p>He ignored environmental influences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Wiggins' circumplex model, which two dimensions define the axes?

<p>Love and status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key concern of Wiggins when developing his circumplex model?

<p>Isolating interpersonal traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the advantages mentioned regarding the circumplex model?

<p>Enhances understanding of emotional intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Eysenck's model, how are personality traits organized?

<p>In a hierarchical structure from super traits to specific acts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Two Basic Formulations of Trait

Traits can be described through either consistency or individual differences in behavior.

Act Frequency Formulation

This approach defines traits by counting the frequency of specific behaviors in individuals.

Important Traits Identification

Three main approaches exist to identify important traits: lexical, theoretical, and empirical methods.

Taxonomies of Personality

Leading taxonomies classify and organize traits into systems for better understanding personalities.

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Dispositional Domain

Refers to the area of psychology focused on individual differences and consistent patterns in behavior.

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Interpersonal Behaviour Definition

Behavior that involves interactions between individuals.

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Wiggins Circumplex

A model mapping interpersonal traits in two dimensions.

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Key Limitations of Interpersonal Map

The model is limited to two dimensions, ignoring other traits.

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Five-Factor Model Overview

A model identifying five broad personality factors: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness.

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Markers for Neuroticism

Indicators of neuroticism include anxiety, anger, depression, and self-consciousness.

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Eysenck's Super Traits

The top three personality dimensions: Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism.

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Extraversion-Introversion

A personality trait indicating sociability and energy from social interactions versus solitude.

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Neuroticism-Emotional Stability

A dimension measuring emotional stability versus emotional instability and anxiety.

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Psychoticism

A personality trait associated with aggressiveness, interpersonal hostility, and a lack of empathy.

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Habitual Acts

Behavior patterns that fall under narrower traits in Eysenck's hierarchy of personality.

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Four-Tiered Hierarchy

Eysenck's structure includes super traits, narrower traits, habitual acts, and specific acts.

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Biological Underpinnings

Eysenck's model is based on the idea that traits have genetic and physiological foundations.

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Five-Factor Model

A model identifying five broad personality factors that summarize traits.

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Empirical Evidence

Data supporting the Five-Factor Model gained through diverse studies and languages.

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Fifth Factor Controversy

Disagreement exists about the fifth factor: Openness-Intellect or Openness to Experience.

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Lexical Approach

A method based on the analysis of language to identify personality traits.

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Replicability of Traits

The consistent appearance of the five factors across different studies and languages.

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Openness to Experience

A personality trait indicating intellectual curiosity, creativity, and unconventional thinking.

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Dark Triad

A cluster of three negative personality traits: Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and Psychopathy.

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Machiavellianism

A trait characterized by manipulation, exploitation, and deception in interpersonal relationships.

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Narcissism

A personality trait marked by grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

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Subclinical Psychopathy

Traits resembling psychopathy but not severe enough to meet clinical criteria; often includes impulsivity and insensitivity.

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Accomplishments of Act Frequency Formulation

A method for clarifying behavioral phenomena and identifying regularities in traits.

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Two criteria of Lexical Approach

Identifies important traits based on synonym frequency and cross-cultural universality.

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Statistical Approach

Involves using large pools of personality items to identify major traits through factor analysis.

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Factor Analysis

A technique to identify groups of traits that correlate with each other.

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Theoretical Approach

Begins with a theory to determine which personality variables are important.

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Evaluation of Trait Identification Approaches

Combines the strengths of lexical, statistical, and theoretical approaches in research.

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Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model

A model based on traits that seeks to categorize personality dimensions.

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Study Notes

Traits and Trait Taxonomies

  • The chapter covers personality psychology, specifically traits and trait taxonomies.

  • Two fundamental formulations of traits are covered: traits as internal causal properties and traits as purely descriptive summaries.

  • The act frequency formulation of traits is presented, detailing how traits are summarized based on the frequency of specific acts related to other people.

  • Three fundamental approaches to identifying important traits are examined: lexical, statistical, and theoretical.

  • The lexical approach posits that important individual differences are encoded in natural language. Criteria for identifying important traits include synonym frequency and cross-cultural universality.

  • The statistical approach uses factor analysis to identify patterns of covariation among traits, reducing a large set of traits into underlying factors related to dimensions of personality.

  • The theoretical approach starts with a theory, which then determines the important variables to identify.

  • Research into personality traits often uses a combination of these three strategies.

  • Several significant taxonomies of personality are detailed: Eysenck's Hierarchical Model, the Circumplex models of personality (Wiggins' Circumplex in 1979), the Five-Factor Model, and the HEXACO Model.

  • Eysenck's model has three traits: Extraversion-Introversion (E), Neuroticism-Emotional Stability (N), and Psychoticism (P).

  • The Wiggins Circumplex is a circular model utilizing statistical techniques to develop a comprehensive model including interpersonal dimensions of personality. Status and love define the axes of the circumplex. The model has key advantages like defining interpersonal behavior and identifying gaps in the research of interpersonal behavior but also limitations due to the model only focusing on two dimensions.

  • The Five-Factor Model (FFM) is based on a combination of lexical and statistical approaches. It encompasses five broad factors: Extraversion (surgency), Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism (Emotional Stability), and Openness to Experience (intellect-openness).

  • Each factor can be further broken down into specific traits.

  • The HEXACO model recognizes a sixth personality factor: Honesty-Humility, which can be broken down into facets of sincerity, fairness, greed avoidance and modesty.

  • The HEXACO model successfully captures traits related to ethicality and social competence that were not prominent in the Big Five model.

  • The "Dark Triad" of personality, including Machiavellianism, narcissism, and subclinical psychopathy, is also introduced.

  • Each of these models attempts to provide a broader and possibly deeper understanding of human personality.

  • These methods often face criticism regarding comprehensiveness. There are still debates about whether the models capture all essential personality aspects.

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