Psychology Chapter: Defining Personality

The set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual.

Traits and mechanisms of personality that are typical of our species and possessed by nearly everyone.

<p>How we are 'like some others'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How we are &quot;like no others&quot;.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gap between grand theories of personality (human nature) and contemporary research in personality (individual and group difference).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological (A), Cognitive-experiential (B), Social and cultural (C), Adjustment (D), Dispositional (E), Intrapsychic (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans are collections of biological systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deals with mental mechanisms of personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focuses on cognition (thinking) and subjective experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assumption that personality impact and is impacted by social and cultural contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How does this relate to our wellbeing?</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provides a guide for researchers (A), Organizes known findings (B), Makes predictions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comprehensiveness (A), Testability (B), Parsimony (C), Heuristic value (D), Compatibility and integration across domains and levels (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Test-Data (T-Data) (A), Observer-Report Data (O-Data) (B), Life-Outcome Data (L-Data) (C), Self-Report Data (S-Data) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Information people provide about themselves, through surveys or interviews.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Info about a person's personality gathered from others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants are placed in a standardized testing situation to see if different people react differently to identical situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personality can be studied through life events, activities, and outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trait as internal causal properties (A), Trait as purely descriptive summaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traits are internal; people carry their desires, needs, and wants with them across different situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traits describe a person's characteristics without assuming they come from internal causes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A trait is a descriptive [summary] of the general trend in a person's behaviour relative to other people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lexical (A), Statistical (B), Theoretical (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lexical hypothesis: all important individual differences have become encoded within the natural language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identify major dimensions of personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starts with a theory, which then determines which variables are important.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HEXACO Model (A), Five-Factor Model (B), Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality (C), The Wiggins Circumplex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Believed traits were highly heritable with a psychophysiological foundation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defined 'interpersonal' as interactions between people involving exchanges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness to experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identify a sixth factor: honesty-humility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Few basic and of primary traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Broad traits are consistent over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early personality traits predict long-term life outcomes (A), Personality traits in childhood tend to persist into adulthood (B), Life events and social roles can shape or modify these traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If behavior varies across situations, then situational differences and not personality traits determine behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Faking on questionnaires (A), Carelessness (B), Barnum statement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Items that most people answer in a particular way; if the individual answers differently this suggests carelessness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attempt to appear better or worse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generalities that could apply to anyone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personality traits can be used to predict who is likely to do well in particular job.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrimination (A), Race or Gender Norming (B), Right to Privacy (C), Disparate Impact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stability (A), Change (B), Coherence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consistencies, stabilities in people over time and the way in which people change over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintenance of individual position within a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constancy of level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining rank order relative to others but changing in the manifestations of trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual differences (A), Population (B), Group differences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heritability [is] a statistic that refers to the proportion of observed variance in a group of individuals that can be accounted for by genetic variance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determine ways in which genes and environment interact and correlate with each other to produce individual differences (A), Determine where in the 'environment' environmental effects exist (B), Determine percentage of individual differences in a trait that can be attributed to genetics differences and to environmental differences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adoption studies (A), Family studies (B), Twin studies (C), Selective breeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occur if desired trait is heritable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The more genetically related family members are, the more similar their personality traits should be.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traits between adopted children and adoptive parents provide environmental influence; traits between adopted children and genetic parents provide genetic influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extraversion and neuroticism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heritability estimates for major personality traits of about 50%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In family environment, features that are shared by siblings; in family environment, features that differ across siblings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Designed to identify specific genes associated with personality traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>D4DR gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People with different genotypes respond differently to the same environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ex: task performance of introverts versus extraverts in loud versus noisy conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic factors (A), Environmental factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traits and characteristics we inherit from our parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Are the influences around us.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How do physiological processes influence our responses to different situations? (A), How does the brain function in relation to personality? (B), How do physiological measures vary across individuals with different personality traits? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiovascular Activity (A), Electrodermal Activity (EDA) (B), Brain Activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obtained by electrodes or sensors placed on the skin surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Can measure stress reactivity, heart rate, and blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuroscience: study of nervous system; brain function; brain structure; brain connections; brain electrical activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensitivity to reward and punishment (A), Neurotransmitters and personality (B), Brain asymmetry and affective style (C), Extraversion-Introversion (D), Sensation Seeking (E), Morningness-Eveningness (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measured by Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impulsivity and anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seek out thrilling, exciting, take risks, avoid boredom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Associated with pleasure, depression and other mood disorders, fight of flight response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Being a morning or evening type of person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>EEG can measure brain waves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The set of psychological traits and mechanisms within an individual.

Characteristics that describe how people differ from each other.

Processes of personality that influence behavior and responses.

Human nature, individual differences, individual uniqueness.

Traits and mechanisms typical of all humans.

How one person is similar to some others, like being an extravert or sensation-seeker.

The personal qualities that make someone distinct from everyone else.

The fissure between grand theories and contemporary research.

Dispositional, biological, intrapsychic, cognitive-experiential, social-cultural, and adjustment.

Focuses on fundamental dispositions and differences between individuals.

Explores the biological systems influencing personality through genetics and evolution.

Intrapsychic deals with mental mechanisms, while extrinsic examines external factors affecting personality.

Focus on cognition and subjective experience like thoughts and beliefs about oneself.

Personality's relationship with social and cultural contexts.

Relates personality to coping, adapting, and health outcomes.

A theory guides researchers, organizes findings, and makes predictions.

Comprehensiveness, heuristic value, testability, parsimony, and compatibility/integration.

Information people provide about themselves through surveys or interviews.

Data gathered from others about a person's personality.

Generated from standardized testing situations to examine behavior responses.

Personality insights from life events, activities, and outcomes.

The consistency of a measure reflecting the true level of a trait.

The accuracy of what a test claims to measure.

Includes experimental methods, correlational studies, and case studies.

Traits are inner qualities that drive behaviors across situations.

Traits are categories based on the frequency of specific behaviors.

Systems such as Eysenck's model, Wiggins Circumplex, and Five-Factor Model categorize traits.

Includes five core traits: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness.

Adds honesty-humility as the sixth factor in personality assessment.

The proportion of variance in a trait explained by genetic factors.

Check if genetic similarity among relatives correlates with personality traits.

Compare personality traits between identical and fraternal twins to estimate heritability.

Research linking specific genes to personality traits.

Factors surrounding us that shape our personality experiences.