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Questions and Answers
What shape describes the orbits of planets according to Kepler's First Law?
What shape describes the orbits of planets according to Kepler's First Law?
- Hyperbolic
- Elliptical (correct)
- Parabolic
- Circular
Which of the following best describes the speed of a planet as it orbits the Sun, according to Kepler's Second Law?
Which of the following best describes the speed of a planet as it orbits the Sun, according to Kepler's Second Law?
- The speed varies, being faster when closer to the Sun. (correct)
- The speed increases as the planet moves further from the Sun.
- The speed is only dependent on the planet's mass.
- The speed is constant throughout the orbit.
According to Kepler's Third Law, what is the relationship between the orbital period and the semi-major axis of a planet's orbit?
According to Kepler's Third Law, what is the relationship between the orbital period and the semi-major axis of a planet's orbit?
- The square of the semi-major axis is proportional to the cube of the orbital period.
- The orbital period is directly proportional to the semi-major axis.
- The square of the orbital period is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis. (correct)
- There is no relationship between the two.
In the context of Kepler's laws, what does the term 'equal areas' mean?
In the context of Kepler's laws, what does the term 'equal areas' mean?
Which of the following aspects is not included in the discussions of Kepler's laws?
Which of the following aspects is not included in the discussions of Kepler's laws?
What is the unit of the gravitational constant G in the SI system?
What is the unit of the gravitational constant G in the SI system?
Who was responsible for measuring the gravitational constant G experimentally?
Who was responsible for measuring the gravitational constant G experimentally?
What is the approximate value of the gravitational constant G?
What is the approximate value of the gravitational constant G?
Which of the following factors does the gravitational force depend on?
Which of the following factors does the gravitational force depend on?
What does the gravitational constant G relate to?
What does the gravitational constant G relate to?
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Study Notes
Kepler's Laws
- Elliptical Orbits: Planets do not travel in perfect circles; their orbits are elliptical, with the Sun positioned at one focus of the ellipse.
- Equal Areas: Planets move faster when closer to the sun. A line connecting a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.
- Orbital Period and Distance: The square of a planet's orbital period is proportional to the cube of its orbit’s semi-major axis. This relationship is represented as: $T^{2} \propto r^{3}$.
Gravitational Force
- Gravitational Constant (G): This constant relates the gravitational force between two masses.
- Units: The gravitational constant (G) in the SI system has units of Nm²/kg².
- Henry Cavendish: Henry Cavendish experimentally determined the value of the gravitational constant.
- Value of G: The gravitational constant is approximately 6.673 x 10⁻¹¹ Nm²/kg².
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