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What is the primary definition of culture?
Which class is characterized by elite families and includes both new rich and traditional families?
In the context of politics, what does the term 'power' refer to?
Which branch of government has the right to make or pass laws?
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The lower class is primarily composed of which of the following groups?
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What distinguishes an ethnic group from others?
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Religion can be defined as an organized system based on what?
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Which political institution is specifically described as exercising power in governance?
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What is the main focus of a physical anthropologist?
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Which process refers to learning about a culture through education?
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What does the term 'taboo' refer to in cultural contexts?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the four fields of anthropology listed?
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What kind of norms do informal social behaviors violate?
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Which field of anthropology specifically recovers information about human cultures from the past?
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In which way does socialization commonly occur?
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Which aspect of culture emphasizes politeness and courtesy?
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What does exceptionality refer to in the context of individuals?
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How do norms differ from values in societal terms?
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What is the main function of nationality within societal structure?
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What role does socioeconomic status play in society?
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What is meant by norms of decency or appropriateness?
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What is the significance of conformity in societal control?
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Which of the following best describes deviance?
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Which of the following describes the concept of sex in social contexts?
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What is the primary focus of a physical anthropologist?
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Which field of study is primarily concerned with the nature and nuances of languages?
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What do cultural anthropologists primarily investigate?
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Which aspect does political science primarily address?
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What is the main concern of sociology as described in the content?
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Which of the following is NOT typically studied by biological anthropologists?
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Which of the following disciplines focuses on the study of the state and government?
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What distinguishes cultural anthropology from sociology?
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Study Notes
Culture
- Defined as the totality of an individual's lifestyle, encapsulating food, clothing, and living arrangements alongside social norms, fads, and taboos.
Social Classes
- Upper Class: Comprises elite families, including both new wealthy individuals and traditional aristocracy.
- Middle Class: Encompasses small business operators, professionals, and office workers.
- Lower Class: Includes unemployed, underemployed individuals, and those from indigent or informal sectors.
Politics
- Concept involves governance, power dynamics, and the practice of law within society.
- Political institutions, such as government, embody the execution of power and law enforcement.
Branches of Government
- Executive: Tasks include governance execution and law implementation (e.g., President and Cabinet).
- Legislative: Responsible for law-making, enabling the executive to enforce laws (e.g., Senators, House of Representatives).
- Judiciary: Interprets laws aligning with societal norms (e.g., judiciary members).
Ethnicity
- Reflects cultural distinctiveness within an ethnic group, fostering unique identities based on shared cultural attributes.
Religion
- Organized belief systems concerning the spiritual realm, encapsulating both ideas and ceremonial practices aimed at understanding the supernatural.
Exceptionalism
- Highlights individuals who are intellectually gifted or who face physical or mental challenges.
Gender
- Social constructs define characteristics of masculinity and femininity, influencing behavior and social roles.
Nationality
- Legal affiliation between an individual and a state, guiding state jurisdiction over individuals.
Socioeconomic Status
- Categorizes individuals sharing similar economic privileges, often based on inherited wealth or occupational status of the household head.
Norms
- Established standards guiding acceptable behavior within societies, delineating right from wrong.
Deviance
- Formal Deviance: Violations of codified laws (e.g., theft, violent crimes).
- Informal Deviance: Breaches of social norms that aren’t legally prescribed (e.g., public spitting).
Norms of Decency and Conventionality
- Outlined by appropriate behavior for specific contexts, including attire and manners aligning with social expectations.
Taboos
- Prohibited customs or discussions set by social or religious contexts, influencing personal and community interactions.
Anthropology
- Encompasses the study of human behavior and culture, examining biological and cultural differences.
Four Fields of Anthropology
- Physical Anthropology: Studies human biological characteristics and evolutionary aspects.
- Cultural Anthropology: Explores distinct thoughts and behaviors across cultures.
- Biological Anthropology: Investigates historical human cultures via material remains.
- Linguists: Analyzes how language impacts cultural transmission and communication.
Processes of Cultural Spread
- Enculturation: Adoption of cultural traits through learning, predominantly via education.
- Socialization: Ongoing acclimatization to cultural norms through exposure.
- Association: Bridging cultures through connections leading to cultural symbiosis.
- Integration: Complete assimilation of cultural elements, altering worldviews and behaviors.
Sociology
- The science of society focusing on individual interactions as part of larger social aggregates and dynamics.
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