Journey through the Stages of Human Development

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Questions and Answers

Which one of the following is NOT a key question in developmental psychology?

Is development innate or affected by experience

Do children think differently than adults or just have less knowledge (correct)

Continuous or discontinuous

Qualitative or quantitative differences

What is the scientific study of how people change called?

Developmental psychology (correct)

Lifespan development

Psychology

Research methods

Which of the following is NOT a period of development discussed in the text?

Elderhood (correct)

Adolescence

Infancy and toddlerhood

Prenatal

Which theory of development emphasizes the influence of culture and social interaction on cognitive development?

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory Signup and view all the answers

Which research method involves observing and recording behavior in everyday settings?

Naturalistic observation Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by the ability to think logically and perform operations on real objects?

Concrete operational stage Signup and view all the answers

Which research design involves manipulating variables to see their effects?

Experimental research Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is true about the lifespan perspective?

No age period is more important than another Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'plasticity' mean in the context of development?

Many characteristics can be changed Signup and view all the answers

What are normative history-graded influences?

Changes experienced by people alive at a certain time Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between lifespan and life expectancy?

Life expectancy refers to the length of time a species can exist under optimal conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which statistical measure is most commonly used to determine the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables?

Pearson correlation coefficient Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research design allows for the assessment of causal relationships between and among variables?

Experimental research Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research design compares different groups that vary in age to assess differences in attitudes, experiences, and education?

Developmental research Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for age differences caused by being born in a certain time period, resulting in differences in attitudes, experiences, and education?

Cohort effect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following perspectives emphasizes the role of heredity in causing traits and behaviors?

Nature perspective Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following perspectives emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping who we are?

Nurture perspective Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the continuous perspective of development?

Development is a slow and gradual process Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, which stage occurs during early adulthood?

Intimacy versus isolation Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process by which a cell's nucleus makes an exact copy of all the chromosomes?

Mitosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about gametes?

Gametes are formed by meiosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a pair of chromosomes that are inherited from each parent?

Autosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which pattern of growth occurs from the midline outward during prenatal development?

Proximodistal Signup and view all the answers

When does the fetal period of prenatal development begin and end?

9 weeks post-conception until birth Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for environmental factors that can contribute to birth defects?

Teratogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the genotype?

All the genes a person inherits Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for different versions of a gene?

Alleles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes heterozygous?

Receive two different alleles from each parent Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a sex-linked genetic disorder?

Hemophilia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential effect of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder on the facial features of a baby?

Thick upper lip Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible outcome of using legal and illegal drugs during pregnancy?

Problems with brain development Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is mostly preventable through vaccination during pregnancy?

Rubella Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following maternal factors is associated with an increased risk of prematurity and low birth weight?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential risk factor associated with maternal depression during pregnancy?

Increased risk of depression in the baby Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the risk of miscarriages, autism, birth defects, achondroplasia, and schizophrenia increase for fathers?

Over 40 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended prenatal test for checking genetic defects?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of couples in the US experience infertility?

10-15% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible reason for a cesarean section?

The mother's health puts her or her baby at risk Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible reason for induced labor?

The labor has not naturally started two weeks past the due date Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible consequence of anoxia in newborns?

Brain damage or death Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible consequence of low birth weight in newborns?

May have lifelong medical or developmental problems Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the growth of the brain during infancy?

The brain doubles in size by 4 months and triples by 1 year. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes newborn reflexes?

Newborn reflexes are innate automatic responses to stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the development of the senses in newborns?

Newborns have limited sensory abilities at birth. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a process of brain maturation?

Lateralization Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?

Occipital lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the brain's ability to change physically and chemically?

Neuroplasticity Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended sleep duration for newborns?

16.5 hours per day Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage?

Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (8–12 months) Signup and view all the answers

At what age does object permanence typically develop according to Piaget's theory?

4-8 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of language?

Pragmatics Signup and view all the answers

According to the learning theory, how do children learn language?

Through reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Chess and Thomas' temperament styles?

Adaptable Signup and view all the answers

According to Bowlby, what is the basis for attachment?

Contact comfort Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic emotions mentioned in the text?

Envy Signup and view all the answers

When do self-conscious emotions typically appear?

Between 1 and 2 years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reflex related to feeding in infants?

Grasping Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following patterns of motor development occurs from the center out?

Proximodistal pattern Signup and view all the answers

At what age does depth perception typically develop in infants?

6 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sensory capacities is NOT fully developed at birth?

Vision Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Ainsworth's attachment styles?

Disorganized Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important goal of infancy according to the text?

Developing a basic sense of trust in one's caregivers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of poor attachment?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the most important goal of toddlerhood?

Developing a basic sense of independence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the changes in brain maturation during childhood?

The brain weight is 95% of adult weight by age 6 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the changes in gross and motor skills during early childhood?

Gross and motor skills improve significantly from ages 2-6 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the changes in sleep during early childhood?

Sleep duration decreases from ages 2-6 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about sexual abuse rates is most accurate?

25% of girls and 10% of boys experience sexual abuse Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of long-lasting or extreme stress on children?

Affects memory abilities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect brain development in children?

Supportive, caring adults Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development, which of the following is NOT a key factor in facilitating cognitive development?

Sustained attention Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory stores sensory input in its raw form for a brief period of time?

Sensory memory Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which of the following is NOT a component of theory of mind?

Hidden emotion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes fast mapping in language development?

Learning new words quickly by connecting to familiar concepts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parenting styles is associated with qualities valued in individualistic cultures?

Authoritative Signup and view all the answers

Which type of play involves children interacting and sharing toys, but not working toward a common goal?

Associative play Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common form of child maltreatment?

Neglect Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children who died from abuse and neglect in 2013 were younger than 3 years old?

73.9% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Piaget's preoperational stage?

Use of symbols to represent words, images, and ideas Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of preoperational thought?

Belief that other people have the same thoughts/perceptions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of preoperational thought?

Centration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of preoperational children's thinking?

Inability to recognize conservation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for preschool programs according to NAEYC?

Promoting children's health and safety Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common deficit in social interaction for individuals with autism spectrum disorder?

Often avoid interacting with others Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about autism spectrum disorder?

Children with ASD may be hard to test Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major consequence of low birth weight in newborns?

Worst outcomes for children Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a positive effect of sports participation in middle and late childhood?

Improved academic performance Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the growth spurt typically begin in girls during middle and late childhood?

9 Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is responsible for transferring information from short-term to long-term memory in middle and late childhood?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of childhood obesity in adulthood?

Increased risk of diabetes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of cognitive development in middle and late childhood?

Emotional intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an element of concrete operational thought?

Abstract reasoning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an improvement in information processing during middle childhood?

Production deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of learning disability?

Intellectual disability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Erikson's stage of industry vs. inferiority?

Being busy and achieving goals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

Unconventional morality Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of bullying?

Negative emotional and psychological effects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

Emotional intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Gardner's multiple intelligences?

Musical Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating IQ according to the text?

IQ = mental age ÷ chronological age × 100 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of giftedness according to the text?

Higher risk of intellectual disability Signup and view all the answers

According to Bigelow & La Gaipa (1975), which conceptualization of friendship focuses on mutual activities?

Reward-cost Signup and view all the answers

According to Selman (1980), at which stage of conceptualization of friendship does a friend become someone you can trust with secrets?

Stage 3 (intimate and mutual sharing) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for unwanted, aggressive behavior involving a real or perceived power imbalance?

Bullying Signup and view all the answers

According to research, what does cohabitation often mean for children in terms of stability?

Cohabitation is short-lived and disruptive to children Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developmental Psychology Key Concepts

Scientific Study of Change: Developmental psychology focuses on how individuals change over time.
Periods of Development: Key periods include infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
Cognitive Development Theories: Vygotsky's theory emphasizes culture and social interaction in cognitive growth.
Research Methods: Observational research involves recording behavior in natural settings.

Piaget's Cognitive Development

Logical Thinking Stage: The concrete operational stage is where logical thinking on real objects begins.
Research Design: Experimental design manipulates variables to assess their effects.

Lifespan and Plasticity

Lifespan Perspective: Acknowledges that development occurs across the entire lifespan and is influenced by various factors.
Plasticity: Refers to the ability of the brain and behavior to adapt and change throughout life.

Influences on Development

Normative History-Graded Influences: Changes stemming from specific historical events affecting people born at the same time.
Lifespan vs. Life Expectancy: Lifespan refers to the maximum years a person can live; life expectancy averages how long people are expected to live.

Research Design Types

Correlational Research: Uses statistical measures to determine relationships between variables.
Cross-Sectional Design: Compares distinct age groups to identify differences across generations.
Causal Research: Used to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

Genetic and Prenatal Development

Genotype Description: The genetic structure of an individual that may influence traits.
Heredity & Environment: Certain perspectives prioritize hereditary factors over environmental ones and vice versa.
Environmental Risks: Teratogens are environmental factors contributing to birth defects during prenatal development.
Fetal Development Stages: The fetal period spans from week 9 until birth.

Maternal Influence and Risks

Maternal Factors: Increased risks of prematurity and low birth weight are associated with advanced maternal age and substance use.
Cesarean Sections: May be recommended due to health complications or fetal distress.

Infant Development Milestones

Newborn Reflexes: Instinctive responses related to feeding include sucking and rooting reflexes.
Growth of the Brain: Significant brain growth occurs during infancy, contributing to key cognitive milestones.
Object Permanence: Develops around 8-12 months, allowing infants to understand that objects continue to exist even when unseen.

Emotional Development

Attachment Theory: Bowlby posits that attachment forms the basis of emotional bonds between infants and caregivers.
Self-Conscious Emotions: These emotions, such as guilt and shame, typically develop later in infancy.

Childhood Development Characteristics

Piaget’s Stages: Preoperational thought is characterized by symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and animism.
Cognitive Development: Children develop improved information processing abilities during middle childhood.
Erikson’s Industry vs. Inferiority: Emphasizes the importance of achieving competence in skills during this stage.

Challenges and Socialization

Bullying Consequences: Long-term effects include emotional distress and social challenges.
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Characterized by deficits in social communication and restricted interests.

Educational and Cognitive Considerations

Intelligence Theories: Sternberg's triarchic theory includes analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.
IQ Calculation: Calculating IQ typically involves mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.

Summary

These notes encapsulate fundamental theories, milestones, and influences in developmental psychology from prenatal stages through childhood, highlighting cognitive, emotional, and social developments to understand the complex nature of human growth across the lifespan.

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Description

Test your knowledge of human development with this quiz! From infancy and toddlerhood all the way to middle adulthood, this quiz covers the different stages of life and when they occur. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand the various age ranges and milestones of human growth and development.