Jicama: History and Utilization as Food

<p>South America (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slicing or cubing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of biodiesel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drying (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Refining (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seeds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Woody shrub (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It includes both true roots and underground stems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Onion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To absorb and conduct water and nutrients. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potato (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amaryllidaceae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potato blight affecting the crop (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potatoes are approximately 80% water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water yam (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cutting mature tubers into small pieces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It needs to be cooked to remove irritants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Essential terpenoids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide medicinal benefits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>India (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They introduced new spices to European cuisine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Profiteering and difficult desert crossings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A route around Africa to India and East Asia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More reliable and affordable supply of spices and other commodities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rosemary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lose potency when dried (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ratio of bioethanol energy produced to the energy required for its manufacture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of efficient methods to convert cellulose into sugar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brazil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lack of local labor and the need for cheap labor from Africa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its high sugar content and efficient energy balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starch has alpha (α) 1-4 glycosidic bonds, while cellulose has beta (ß) 1-4 glycosidic bonds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only starch is digestible by humans, while cellulose is not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sugar breakdown via anaerobic fermentation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is derived from continuously renewable plant resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell wall. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saturated fats contain no double bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They allow for a more stable, linear structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It transforms unsaturated fats into saturated fats. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are classified as drying oils used in lubricants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They raise LDL cholesterol levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transesterification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Palm oil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less net life cycle emissions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contains 40% oil rich in polyunsaturates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gelling at low temperatures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is extracted from sunflower seeds through cold pressing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a rich source of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is not tolerant of prolonged freezing temperatures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They must be treated with lye and pickled in brine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pulp of the fruit that contains beneficial fats. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It protects plants from injury and deters pests. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It introduces disulfide bonds for stabilization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is susceptible to fungal diseases in its native habitat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An elastomer with thermoplastic properties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyisoprene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide better shock absorption in sidewalls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is usually considered inferior to natural rubber. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It made Manaus wealthier and led to the construction of the Amazonas Opera House. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By dipping their feet in liquid latex and allowing it to harden (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It tended to decompose and emitted foul odors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To mechanically remove seed hair fibers from cotton seeds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surface roughness and elasticity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hard leaf fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have seeds that mature all at once. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>91% cellulose and 8% water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanical plucking using specialized spikes and rollers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To improve luster and durability of the yarn. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are lightweight and resilient, composed of cellulose and lignin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Instant coffees and less expensive blends (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>London (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consistent year-round temperature around 20°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coffea arabica (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Black tea is produced using fully oxidized leaves, while green tea is minimally oxidized. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>China, India, Kenya, and Sri Lanka (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Partially shredding the leaves before oxidation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tropical to subtropical climates with ample rainfall and steady temperatures around 20°C. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In 1727 by the English (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The plant family is not specified in this document.

Herbaceous vine, herb, perennial.

The native region of the jicama is not specified in the article.

The location where jicama was first domesticated is not mentioned in the document.

The tuberous root is harvested, peeled, and cut into sticks, cubes, or slices.

Jatropha curcas belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family, known for its diverse members including rubber trees, poinsettias, and cassava.

Jatropha curcas is a woody shrub or small tree, meaning it has a hardened stem and branches and can grow to a considerable height.

Jatropha curcas is native to Central America and the Caribbean region, meaning it naturally occurs in these areas.

Jatropha curcas is grown primarily for its seeds, which are processed to extract oil for various purposes, including biodiesel production.

The oil from Jatropha seeds is extracted through a multi-step process: harvesting, drying, crushing, pressing, filtering, and refining.

'Root crops' are vegetables harvested from the soil and include both true roots (absorbing water and nutrients) and underground stems that aren’t true roots.

True roots are plant parts that primarily function in absorbing water and nutrients for the plant.

Taproots are large, swollen true roots specialized for carbohydrate storage. Examples include carrots and turnips.

A modified stem with basal scale leaves, e.g., onion, garlic.

'Green' vegetables include all above-ground plant parts except for the fruit.

The potato (Solanum tuberosum) originated in the Andes Mountains of Bolivia and Peru.

Spanish conquistadors introduced the potato to Europe in the early 1500s, where it quickly became a staple food in northern and eastern Europe.

Potato blight, caused by the fungal water mold Phytophthora infestans, devastated potato crops in Ireland in the 1840s, leading to the Irish potato famine.

There are several commercially important yam species, including the yellow and white yams (Dioscorea cayenensis) and the water yam (Dioscorea alata).

Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is a significant commercial corm, a modified underground stem, originating from the Indian subcontinent.

The discovery of a sea route around Africa in 1499 by Vasco de Gama transformed the spice trade, replacing the dangerous overland caravan routes.

Initially, the Portuguese East India Company controlled the spice trade, but their monopoly was eventually broken by the British and Dutch in the 1600s, leading to colonization and plantation agriculture.

The Mint Family (Lamiaceae) includes aromatic herbs like rosemary, thyme, and oregano, widely used in cooking and other industries.

Rosemary, a woody shrub native to the Mediterranean, has strong, pungent leaves used in various dishes for flavoring.

Thyme, a small, aromatic shrub, offers tiny leaves used in a variety of dishes like soups, stews, sauces, and meat dishes.

Spices are plant parts like fruits, seeds, leaves, or rhizomes used to add flavor and aroma to food. These flavors and aromas come from chemical substances called terpenoids found in plants.

Spices release volatile terpenoids, which are chemical substances that easily evaporate into the air, creating the aroma we associate with them. Crushing, cutting, or cooking the plant releases these volatile oils.

Spices were initially used to preserve food, mask the smell and taste of spoilage, and enhance the flavor of bland dishes. They also had medicinal properties.

It was a historical trade route where spices, especially black pepper, were imported from India, China, and the Arabian Peninsula to Europe. Europeans traded grains, glass, wine, and wool for these spices.

The Crusades spread the use of spices throughout Europe. This led to an increase in demand, which benefited Venice, the main distributor of spices from the trans-Asian Spice Trade.

The simplest form of sugar, containing one sugar unit. Examples include glucose and fructose.

A sugar formed by two monosaccharides linked together by a glycosidic bond. Examples include sucrose (table sugar) and maltose.

A polysaccharide made of many glucose units linked by alpha (α) 1-4 glycosidic bonds. It's a common energy storage molecule in plants.

A polysaccharide made of many glucose units linked by beta (ß) 1-4 glycosidic bonds. It's the primary structural component of plant cell walls.

A biofuel produced from plants through fermentation. It's a renewable and sustainable alternative to gasoline.

The ratio of bioethanol energy produced to the energy required for its manufacture. It indicates the efficiency of bioethanol production.

Measured by the energy balance, which indicates the ratio of bioethanol energy produced to the energy required for its manufacture.

Sugarcane is a highly efficient source for bioethanol production in Brazil, achieving high energy balances due to the use of bagasse for electricity generation.

Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate that requires advanced technology to convert into sugars for bioethanol production.

Bioethanol facilities using corn starch in the U.S. have low energy balances, indicating less efficient production compared to sugarcane.

Lipids composed of triglycerides: three fatty acids attached to glycerol. Found in seeds and fruits, they can be liquid (oils) or solid (fats) at room temperature.

A fat with no double bonds in its fatty acid chains, meaning it's fully 'saturated' with hydrogen atoms. Solid at room temperature.

A fat with one or more double bonds in its fatty acid chains, meaning it's not fully saturated with hydrogen atoms. Usually liquid at room temperature.

Process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats, converting them to saturated fats. This increases shelf life, viscosity, and melting point, but also creates trans fats.

Unsaturated fats with hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the double bond. Created during hydrogenation, they raise bad cholesterol and increase heart disease risk.

Canola oil is low in erucic acid, which is harmful to the heart, and high in healthy oils like omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from vegetable oils, offering a cleaner alternative to petroleum-based diesel. It produces fewer emissions and is a good source of energy.

A chemical process used to produce biodiesel. It involves separating fatty acids from glycerol in plant oils and replacing the glycerol with alcohol.

It measures the efficiency of biodiesel production. A higher energy balance indicates that more energy is produced from the biodiesel than used in its creation.

Factors like the type of plant oil used and the temperature can influence the efficiency and quality of biodiesel production. For example, canola oil gels in cold weather.

Sunflower oil extracted from the seeds has many applications, including cooking oils, margarines, and various processed foods.

Edible flaxseed oil, extracted by cold pressing, is rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, making it a healthy cooking oil. Industrial flaxseed oil, produced by hot pressing, is used in paints, varnishes, and wood finishes.

Olive oil is obtained from the fruit pulp of olives, not the seed, with the majority of olives used for oil production.

Olive oil is primarily composed of monounsaturated fats, particularly oleic acid, which is beneficial for health.

Over 90% of olives are used for oil extraction, while the remaining portion is processed into edible olives.

Latex is a natural, milky substance produced by some plants, mainly composed of polyterpenes like polyisoprene. It contains smaller amounts of other compounds like proteins, alkaloids, resins, and gums.

Latex serves multiple protective functions. It seals wounds, deterring pathogens and preventing infections. Its bitter taste and potentially toxic compounds discourage herbivores and pests from eating the plant.

Vulcanization is a process that stabilizes and strengthens natural rubber by heating it with sulfur and other additives, creating cross-links between the rubber molecules.

Adding carbon black (amorphous carbon) to rubber during vulcanization increases its strength and overall durability. It acts as a reinforcing agent, making the rubber more robust.

Cured natural rubber exhibits unique properties. It can store strain energy both electrostatically (like a spring) and thermally (cools as it contracts). This contributes to its elasticity and resilience.

Natural rubber is a naturally occurring polymer extracted from the latex of rubber trees, primarily Hevea brasiliensis. It's known for its elasticity, resilience, and ability to absorb and release energy efficiently, making it useful for applications requiring flexibility and shock absorption.

Synthetic rubber is a man-made substitute for natural rubber, produced through the polymerization of petroleum monomers. While it's often used as a cheaper alternative, it's generally inferior to natural rubber in terms of elasticity and resilience and is not renewable.

The Amazon rubber boom (1879-1912) was a period of intense rubber extraction from wild rubber trees in the Amazon rainforest, driven by the high demand for rubber in Europe. This period saw the rise of Manaus, Brazil, as a wealthy city, but also exploited indigenous "rubber tappers" who received little financial benefit from their labor.

Indigenous peoples in the Americas and Brazil used crude rubber latex in various ways: making balls for games, creating rubber shoes by dipping feet in latex, and developing methods to improve rubber's durability. The Mayans even added morning glory sap to enhance its properties.

Natural rubber possesses high hysteresis, meaning it absorbs and releases energy efficiently. This allows it to dampen shock and provide a cushioning effect. It's naturally resistant to tears, but tends to decompose, melt in heat, and become brittle in cold temperatures.

The process of mechanically separating seed hair fibers (like cotton) from their seeds using a cotton gin.

A method of extracting bast fibers from plant stems by controlled decomposition using bacteria in water or on the ground.

A mechanical extraction process of separating hard leaf fibers and some bast fibers from plant material by crushing and scraping.

The most widely cultivated cotton species, native to Central America, that produces commercially valuable seed hair fibers.

A process that strengthens and stabilizes natural rubber by heating it with sulfur, creating cross-links between rubber molecules.

Monocultures with seeds that ripen at the same time are more efficient for harvesting because farmers don't have to repeatedly harvest the crop. This allows for faster and more organized harvesting processes.

Cotton fibers are long, slender cells that make up the cotton plant's seed coat. They consist mostly of cellulose and water.

After harvesting, cotton bolls are processed in a cotton gin to separate fibers from seeds. The fibers are then cleaned, combed, and drawn (stretched and twisted) to create a loose thread called a sliver.

Kapok is a natural fiber extracted from the seeds of the kapok tree. The fiber is lightweight, resilient, and composed of cellulose and lignin.

Cotton fiber is primarily made of cellulose and is stronger and more durable. It's also more commonly used for textiles. Kapok is softer and more buoyant, making it ideal for insulation and flotation.

Lloyd's of London, a renowned insurance company, began as a coffee house in 1690.

Coffee, initially sourced from Mocha, Yemen, spread globally with the Dutch introducing it to Java and Surinam, followed by the French and English planting it in the Caribbean.

The unique flavor of tea comes from a blend of caffeine, essential oils, and bitter tannins.

Black tea is made by drying leaves slowly, promoting oxidation, while green tea is quickly dried to minimize oxidation.

Tea, originating in northern India and southern China, spread globally, with China, India, Kenya, and Sri Lanka being major producers.

The two main coffee species are Arabica (Coffea arabica) and Robusta (C. canephora). Arabica is known for its superior flavor and is used in higher-quality coffees. Robusta is more bitter and is often used in instant coffees and cheaper blends.

Coffee processing involves several steps: floating berries to remove defects, removing the pulp, fermenting the seeds to remove pulp and initiate enzymatic processes, washing and drying the seeds, roasting the beans to impart flavor, and blending the beans.

The first recorded use of coffee as a beverage was in the Arabian Peninsula.

Arabica coffee is known for its superior flavor and is used in higher-quality coffees, whereas Robusta coffee is more bitter and is often used in instant coffees and cheaper blends.

Venetian merchants introduced coffee to Europe in 1615. It quickly spread to France in 1640 and England by 1650.