Jicama: History and Uses
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Questions and Answers

Which characteristics identify jicama as a perennial plant?

  • It lives longer than two years and often goes dormant in winter. (correct)
  • It produces seeds every year.
  • It grows taller than most other plants.
  • It requires frequent replanting each season.

What is the primary part of the jicama plant that is utilized for food?

  • Leaves
  • Stem
  • Tuberous root (correct)
  • Flowers

In which two regions of the world is jicama most widely grown and used?

  • Southeast Asia and Central America (correct)
  • Middle East and African savanna
  • North America and Europe
  • Australia and Antarctica

Which method is NOT involved in processing jicama for consumption?

<p>Boiling the root (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of plant is jicama classified as?

<p>Herbaceous vine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the Jatropha plant is primarily harvested for economic purposes?

<p>Seeds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the processing of Jatropha seeds after harvesting?

<p>Drying (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method can be used to extract oil from crushed Jatropha seeds?

<p>Pressing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what economic sector is Jatropha primarily utilized?

<p>Biodiesel production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the processing of Jatropha seed oil to enhance its quality?

<p>Refining (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a true root in the context of vegetable crops?

<p>Plant parts whose primary function is absorption and conduction of water and nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vegetables is classified as a bulb?

<p>Garlic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the pungent flavor of food bulbs in the Allium genus?

<p>Volatile sulfur compounds released when cut (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples is NOT considered an above-ground vegetable crop?

<p>Potato tubers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes corms from bulbs in plant classification?

<p>Corms do not have layers and roots at the bottom like bulbs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of the potato blight that occurred in Ireland in the mid-1800s?

<p>A significant decline in the population of Ireland. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the potato?

<p>It is primarily propagated vegetatively through its 'eyes'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which yam species is known for producing tubers weighing up to 20 kg?

<p>Water yam (Dioscorea alata) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of taro makes it necessary to be cooked before consumption?

<p>The presence of calcium oxalate crystals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main reasons for the unreliability and high cost of spice supply to Europe before 1499?

<p>The dangerous nature of overland caravan trade routes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the initial uses of spices in food?

<p>To mask the smell and taste of spoiling food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which European company initially monopolized the spice trade after Vasco de Gama's discovery?

<p>The Portuguese East India Company (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical event significantly contributed to the spread of spices to northern Europe?

<p>The Roman conquests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of the Mint Family of spices?

<p>They predominantly contain fragrant essential oils. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which herb from the Mint Family is primarily used in Italian cooking?

<p>Oregano (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary product imported through the Spice Trade from other regions?

<p>Woolen cloth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does drying mint leaves have on their essential oils?

<p>It can result in some loss of essential oils. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of Marco Polo's expeditions during the Spice Trade?

<p>The introduction of new Indian and East Asian spices to Europe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary measure of efficiency in bioethanol production?

<p>Energy balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical impact did the cultivation of sugar cane have in the Caribbean?

<p>Initiation of the African slave trade (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond links glucose units in starch?

<p>Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge in using non-tropical species like switchgrass for bioethanol production?

<p>High cellulose content (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is cellulose often referred to as dietary fiber?

<p>Most organisms, including humans, cannot digest it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the source of bioethanol?

<p>Obtained through the breakdown of sugar, usually from sucrose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes cellulose from starch?

<p>Cellulose is indigestible by most organisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a component of gasoline?

<p>Disaccharides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes saturated fats from unsaturated fats in plant oils?

<p>Saturated fats contain no double bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does hydrogenation have on unsaturated fatty acids?

<p>It increases the production of saturated fats. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of oil is characterized by having one double bond in its fatty acid chain?

<p>Monounsaturated oil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential health risk associated with consuming trans fatty acids?

<p>Increased risk of heart disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which configuration of hydrogen atoms is associated with trans double bonds?

<p>Hydrogens on opposite sides of the double bond. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines extra virgin olive oil?

<p>It comes from the first pressing of the highest quality olives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutrients are the seeds of sesame high in?

<p>Unsaturated fats, protein, iron, and calcium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the peanut originally domesticated?

<p>South America (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use for cheaper olive oil?

<p>Production of prepared foods and soap (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the flower stalk play in the growth of peanuts?

<p>It elongates after pollination to bury the seedpod in the ground. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the production of biodiesel to be classified as a renewable energy source?

<p>The carbon dioxide produced is fixed by plants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the production efficiency of canola oil compare with palm oil?

<p>Palm oil has significantly higher efficiency than canola oil. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plant oils results in a soap that is hard and long-lasting?

<p>Palm oil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of biodiesel when produced from canola oils?

<p>It gels at low temperatures, specifically below -10°C. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is primarily responsible for the elastic properties of raw rubber?

<p>Polyterpenes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process that stabilizes rubber against temperature changes?

<p>Vulcanization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does vulcanization have on natural rubber?

<p>Enhances durability and elasticity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the Para rubber tree is primarily responsible for latex production?

<p>Lactifer vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a fungal leaf blight on the Para rubber tree?

<p>Decrease in natural rubber production in native regions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of using natural rubber in the manufacturing of modern radial tires?

<p>Better shock absorption from hysteresis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the global rubber production is sourced from natural rubber?

<p>40% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country is NOT one of the leading producers of natural rubber globally?

<p>Egypt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major innovation did the Mayans contribute to rubber usage?

<p>Enhancing rubber's durability with sap (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period did Manaus experience a rubber boom that significantly raised its wealth?

<p>1879-1912 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is used to increase the luster and durability of cotton yarn?

<p>Mercerization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of mature cotton fibres?

<p>91% cellulose and 8% water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step follows the cleaning of cotton fibres after they are harvested?

<p>Combing or carding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of the kapok tree's fibres?

<p>They are composed of cellulose and lignin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of ginning in the extraction of plant fibres?

<p>To mechanically remove seed hair fibres from cotton seeds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves decomposing plant material to extract bast fibres?

<p>Retting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibres does the process of decortication primarily extract?

<p>Hard leaf fibres (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of cotton makes it one of the most valuable non-food plant commodities?

<p>It has short, uniform heights and synchronous flowering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a method used for the extraction of plant fibres?

<p>Fermentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary step in processing coffee beans before fermentation?

<p>Floating and sorting the berries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region was the first to record the use of coffee as a beverage?

<p>The Arabian Peninsula (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tea is primarily produced in India and Sri Lanka?

<p>Black tea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process follows the hand-picking of young leaves for black tea production?

<p>Machine shredding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries is NOT a significant producer of tea?

<p>Brazil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influences the final flavor of coffee?

<p>The roasting and blending methods applied to the coffee (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which coffee species is known for its superior flavor and is commonly used in higher-quality fresh brewed coffees?

<p>Coffea arabica (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of robusta coffee compared to arabica?

<p>Robusta coffee is more bitter and less flavorful (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regions is NOT a primary production area for coffea arabica?

<p>Northern Africa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant is used for extracting the stimulant alkaloid theobromine?

<p>Theobroma cacao (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of fermentation in the production of alcoholic beverages?

<p>To convert sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following grape species is primarily used in winemaking?

<p>Vitis vinifera (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for grafting European grape varieties onto North American rootstock?

<p>To provide resistance against pests like phylloxera (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are red wines produced differently from white wines?

<p>Red wines include grape skins during fermentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Saccharomyces ellipsoides in winemaking?

<p>To ferment the crushed grapes into wine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step in the wine-making process after fermentation?

<p>Pressing the crushed grapes to extract additional liquid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification represents the highest quality standard for exported French wines?

<p>Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of wine-growing regions often correlates with the price of the wine?

<p>The specificity of the location (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of the French wine classification system?

<p>It has significant 'snob appeal' and bureaucratic nature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a category within the French wine classification system?

<p>Vin de Luxe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What grape varieties are primarily grown in the Burgundy region?

<p>Pinot Noir and Gamay (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is NOT part of the Champagne production process?

<p>Aging in oak barrels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which wine classification level in Italy allows only a simple statement of region of production?

<p>Vino de Tavola (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of wine is associated with the Bordeaux region's southern area?

<p>Sweet white wines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of adding yeast and sugar before corking Champagne bottles?

<p>To restart bottle fermentation for carbonation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Jícama plant family

The botanical family of Pachyrhizus erosus (jicama).

Jícama plant type

Herbaceous herb, perennial.

Jícama native distribution

The region where jicama originated.

Jícama use part

The root (tuberous) of the jicama plant is used in food preparation.

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Jícama preparation steps

Peeling, cutting, and preparing the jicama root for various culinary uses.

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Jatropha Plant Family

Jatropha curcas belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family.

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Jatropha Plant Type

Jatropha curcas is a woody shrub or small tree that lives for many years.

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Jatropha Native Distribution

Jatropha curcas is native to Central America and Mexico.

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Jatropha Economic Use

Jatropha curcas is grown for its seeds, which produce oil used in biodiesel.

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Jatropha Oil Extraction

Jatropha oil is extracted from the seeds through a process involving drying, crushing, pressing, filtering, and refining.

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What is a root crop?

A vegetable whose harvested part grows underground, including true roots and modified stems. This part is dug from the soil.

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What are the primary functions of true roots?

True roots are specialized plant parts responsible for absorbing water and nutrients from the soil and transporting them to the rest of the plant.

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What are taproots?

Large, swollen true roots that store carbohydrates, such as those found in carrots and turnips.

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What is a bulb?

A modified stem with basal scale leaves, like those in onions and garlic.

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What is a rhizome?

A swollen, horizontal underground stem, like those in ginger and licorice.

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Potato Family

The potato (Solanum tuberosum) belongs to the Solanaceae family, which also includes tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants.

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Potato Origins

The potato originated in the Andes Mountains of South America, specifically Bolivia and Peru.

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Potato Propagation

Potatoes can be easily grown from 'eyes' on the tubers, resulting in genetically identical clones.

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Yam Species

There are multiple yam species, including the yellow/white yam (Dioscorea cayenensis) from West Africa and the water yam (Dioscorea alata) from East Asia.

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Taro - Corm

Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is a commercially important corm, a type of underground stem used for food.

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Spice Trade Routes

Routes used to transport spices from Asia to Europe, initially overland by caravans, then by sea around Africa.

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Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer who discovered a sea route from Europe to India in 1499.

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Mint Family Spices

Spices, like rosemary, thyme, and oregano, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, known for their fragrant oils.

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Rosemary's Use

Leaves of the rosemary shrub are used in cooking for their pungent flavor, and its essential oil is used in cosmetics.

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Oregano's Use

Highly pungent herb used in Italian cooking, particularly in pizza and pasta sauces.

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Spice

A plant part like a fruit, seed, leaf, or rhizome used in cooking to add flavor and aroma.

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Volatile Oil

A chemical substance in plants, mainly terpenoids, that easily evaporates and creates the aroma of spices.

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Why were spices used in history?

Spices were initially used for preservation, antimicrobial effects, masking food spoilage, and enhancing bland flavors.

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Crusades and Spices

The Crusades (641-1096 AD) significantly spread the use of spices across Europe.

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Venice and the Spice Trade

Venetian merchants became key players in the Spice Trade, importing spices from Asia in exchange for European goods.

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What are monosaccharides?

The simplest form of sugars, like glucose and fructose, that cannot be broken down further.

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How is starch different from cellulose?

Starch is made of glucose units linked by α 1-4 glycosidic bonds, making it digestible. Cellulose uses β 1-4 bonds, making it indigestible by most organisms.

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What is bioethanol?

A biofuel made from the fermentation of sugars, typically from plants, and used as a renewable alternative to gasoline.

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What makes bioethanol sustainable?

It comes from plants, which are renewable resources through photosynthesis, unlike finite fossil fuels.

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What are glycosidic bonds?

Chemical bonds that link sugar molecules together, forming larger carbohydrates. They can be alpha (α) or beta (ß) depending on their orientation.

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Energy Balance

A measure of the efficiency of bioethanol production. Calculated as the ratio of bioethanol energy produced to the energy required for its manufacture.

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Corn Starch vs. Sugar Cane

Bioethanol production using corn starch has a low energy balance (1.3 or less), while sugar cane production achieves a much higher balance (8 or more).

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Bagasse

The residue left after sugar cane is processed. It is used as a source of energy in bioethanol plants.

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Cellulosic Technology

Technologies used to convert cellulose (found in plant cell walls) into sugars that can be used to make bioethanol.

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Tropical vs. Non-Tropical Sugar Sources

Tropical plants like sugar cane are excellent bioethanol sources due to their high sugar content, while non-tropical options like switchgrass require more efficient cellulose conversion techniques.

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Plant Oils: Triglycerides

Plant oils are primarily composed of triglycerides, which are molecules made of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone.

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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

Saturated fats have no double bonds in their fatty acid chains, while unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds. This difference affects their physical properties, like melting point and health implications.

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Hydrogenation: Creating Trans Fats

Hydrogenation is a process that adds hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fats, making them more saturated. This process can create trans fats, which are linked to increased heart disease risk.

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Cis vs. Trans Double Bonds

Cis double bonds have hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond, creating a bend in the molecule. Trans double bonds have hydrogens on opposite sides, resulting in a more linear structure.

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Plant Oils: Uses Beyond Food

Plant oils are used in various industrial applications, such as lubricants, paints, and varnishes. With increasing fossil fuel prices, they are also used to produce biodiesel.

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Virgin olive oil

Olive oil produced by cold pressing olives, retaining its natural flavor and aroma. It is considered the highest quality olive oil.

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Extra virgin olive oil

Olive oil produced from the first pressing of the best olives, offering the highest quality and flavor.

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Sesame oil

Oil extracted from sesame seeds, commonly used in Asian and Middle Eastern cooking.

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Peanut oil

Oil extracted from peanuts, widely used in cooking, salad dressings, and processed foods.

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Cottonseed oil

Oil extracted from cottonseeds, a by-product of the cotton textile industry.

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What is Biodiesel?

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from plant oils, typically a mixture of methyl esters. It is a cleaner alternative to petroleum-based diesel.

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Transesterification Process

This is the chemical reaction used to create biodiesel. It involves using alcohol (ethanol or methanol) to separate fatty acids from glycerol in plant oils and replace the glycerol with alcohol.

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Canola - Oil Rich?

Canola, a hybrid of turnip and cabbage, is a valuable source of oil. Its seeds contain roughly 40% oil, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids like oleic and linoleic acid.

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Biodiesel Efficiency

The efficiency of biodiesel production varies greatly depending on the plant source. For example, palm oil yields significantly more biodiesel per hectare than corn oil.

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Biodiesel Advantages

Biodiesel has several advantages over petroleum-based diesel, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions, a renewable source of energy (carbon dioxide is fixed by plants), and better energy balance in some cases.

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Natural rubber

A natural polymer produced from the latex of rubber trees, known for its elasticity and resilience.

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Synthetic rubber

A man-made rubber produced from petroleum monomers, often used as a substitute for natural rubber but generally inferior.

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Hysteresis

A property of materials, particularly rubber, that describes their ability to absorb and release energy efficiently.

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Rubber Boom

A period of intense economic growth in Manaus, Brazil, driven by the booming rubber trade from 1879 to 1912.

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Amazonas Opera House

A grand opera house built in Manaus, Brazil, during the rubber boom, symbolizing the city's prosperity.

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What is latex?

Latex is a milky substance produced by plants, primarily composed of polyterpenes (like polyisoprene) suspended in water. It also contains proteins, alkaloids, resins, and gums.

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Why do plants produce latex?

Latex serves several purposes for plants, including protecting them from injury by sealing wounds and deterring herbivores, pests, and pathogens. The bitter taste of latex makes it unappealing to many creatures.

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What is vulcanization?

Vulcanization is a process used to cure (stabilize) raw rubber. It involves heating rubber with sulfur, peroxide, and bisphenol, adding carbon black to increase strength and durability. This process creates cross-links between isoprene polymers with disulfide bonds, making the rubber harder, more durable, and less thermoplastic.

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Why is the Para rubber tree important?

The Para rubber tree (Hevea brasilensis) is the most important latex-producing plant globally. Its latex is used to make tires and various commercial and household products.

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Why is natural rubber production shifted?

While native to the Amazon, the Para rubber tree is prone to fungal leaf blight in its native region. Therefore, natural rubber production has shifted to plantations in Southeast Asia and Africa, where the disease is absent.

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Plant Fibres

Long strands of cellulose, often gathered from individual or groups of plant cells, which can be used to make cloth, canvas, ropes, mats, and paper.

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Ginning

A mechanical process for extracting seed hair fibres from cotton seeds. It involves cleaning and combing the extracted fibres.

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Retting

A process for extracting bast or soft-stemmed fibres by partially decomposing plant material in stagnant water or by exposing it to dew. The decomposed material is then washed and processed to extract the fibres.

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Decortication

A simple mechanical process for extracting hard leaf fibres and some bast fibres. It involves crushing plant material and scraping away non-fibrous material to isolate the cellulose fibres.

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Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

The most important plant seed fibre and the world's most profitable non-food plant commodity. It's a species native to Central America, often grown in annual varieties for easier harvesting.

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Cotton Fibre

A single, elongated cell from the seed coat of a cotton plant, responsible for forming threads and fabrics.

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Cotton Gin

A machine that separates cotton fibers from seeds, using mechanical spikes and rollers to beat and clean the fibers.

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Mercerization

A process that increases the luster, durability, and dye-ability of cotton yarn by stretching it under pressure and immersing it in cold caustic soda.

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Kapok Fibre

A soft, lightweight, and resilient fiber found in the seed pods of the kapok tree, primarily used for filling mattresses and life jackets.

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What are cotton fibers made of?

Cotton fibers are primarily composed of cellulose, with small amounts of waxes, pectins, and salts.

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Coffee's Tropical Home

The two coffee species are native to tropical mountainous regions in central and northeast Africa, needing humid conditions with a steady temperature around 20°C.

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Coffee Fruit

The coffee fruit is a red berry containing two seeds (beans) surrounded by sweet, yellow flesh.

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Arabica vs. Robusta

Arabica coffee, known for its superior flavor, originates in Ethiopia, while Robusta, more bitter, is native to West-central Africa. Both are grown globally.

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Coffee Flavor Influences

The final flavor of coffee depends on the species, growing conditions like nitrogen in soil and climate, and roasting and blending techniques.

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Caffeine's Effects

Caffeine and theobromine, found in cocoa, stimulate metabolism, increase heart rate, acidity, and metabolic rates.

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Coffee's Journey

The process of transforming coffee berries into the beans we drink involves multiple steps: removing defects, separating pulp, fermenting seeds, washing and drying, roasting, and blending.

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Tea's Flavour

The unique taste of tea comes from a combination of caffeine, essential oils, and various bitter tannins.

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Black Tea Production

Black tea is processed by drying young leaves to initiate enzymatic reactions that give it its signature flavour and colour.

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Coffee's Global Spread

Coffee's popularity spread from the Arabian Peninsula to Europe, then across the world, with the Dutch, French, and English playing important roles.

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Tea's Growing Conditions

Tea thrives in tropical to subtropical climates with ample rainfall, steady temperatures, and well-drained, slightly acidic soil.

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What is fermentation?

A process where yeast breaks down sugars without oxygen, producing alcohol and carbon dioxide.

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What are the two main types of wine?

Red wine is made with crushed grapes and skins, while white wine uses only the juice.

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Why was phylloxera a disaster for the wine industry?

Phylloxera is an insect that attacks grape roots, almost wiping out European vineyards in the 1800s.

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How do we make red wine?

Red wine is made by fermenting crushed grapes with skins, creating a deep color and rich flavor profile.

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Why is grafting important for wine grapes?

Grafting European grape varieties onto American rootstock protects them from phylloxera and ensures a healthier vine.

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What are the main types of wine?

Red wine is made with crushed grapes and skins, while white wine uses only the juice.

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What is the French wine classification system?

The French system classifies wines based on their region, reputation, and quality, with AOC (Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée) wines being the highest quality.

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What is Vin de Pays?

A type of French wine produced in a specific region, with a geographical origin specified.

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What makes French wine so expensive?

The more specific the location of the grapes, the more expensive the wine, with certain small areas known for their high-quality wines commanding premium prices.

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What is Phylloxera?

Phylloxera is an insect that attacks grape roots, almost wiping out European vineyards in the 1800s.

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What are the three main French wine regions?

The three most famous wine-growing regions in France are Burgundy, Bordeaux, and Champagne, each known for its unique grape varieties and wine styles.

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What is a Grand Cru wine?

A Grand Cru wine is a very high-quality wine that comes from a specific, top-rated vineyard in a French wine region. It's the highest classification for French wines.

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What makes Champagne unique?

Champagne is a specific type of sparkling wine that can only be produced in the Champagne region of France. It's made by blending three grape varieties: Pinot Noir, Pinot Meunier, and Chardonnay.

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What is DOC wine?

DOC stands for Denominazione di Origine Controllata, a classification for Italian wine. It ensures the wine comes from a specific region, uses specific grape varieties, and is produced using specific methods.

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What is the process of making Champagne?

Champagne is made by first fermenting the grape juice, then bottling it and allowing a second fermentation to occur in the bottle. The bottle is then stored upside down to collect sediment, which is frozen and removed before topping up the bottle and restarting fermentation for carbonation.

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Study Notes

Jicama (Pachyrrhizus erosus)

  • Plant family: Fabaceae (pea family)
  • Plant type: Herbaceous vine
  • Life cycle: Perennial (lives more than 2 years)
  • Native distribution: Mexico and Central America

History as a Food Plant

  • First domesticated in Mexico (around 3000 BC)
  • Archaeological evidence in Peru (3000 BC)
  • Widely grown in Central America and Southeast Asia
  • Introduced to Southeast Asia by the Spanish in the 17th century
  • Popular in countries like the Philippines, China

Utilization

  • Used part: Tuberous root
  • Processing:
    • Harvesting: Roots are dug up
    • Peeling: Thin brown skin is removed
    • Cutting: Cut into sticks, cubes, slices
  • Preparation:
    • Eaten raw in salads, salsas
    • Crunchy snack with lime juice and chili powder
    • Cooked in stir-fries, soups, stews (retains crisp texture)

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Description

Explore the fascinating journey of jicama, a tuber native to Mexico and Central America. Learn about its historical significance, from its domestication over 5000 years ago to its popular use in modern cuisine. Discover how this crunchy vegetable is prepared and enjoyed in various dishes across the globe.

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