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Questions and Answers
Name the molecules in a DNA nucleotide and identify them in a diagram.
Name the molecules in a DNA nucleotide and identify them in a diagram.
A DNA nucleotide is made up of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
The base sequence of DNA forms the genetic code.
The base sequence of DNA forms the genetic code.
The order of bases in a DNA molecule determines the genetic code and the order of amino acids in a protein.
Give the full names of the 4 DNA bases.
Give the full names of the 4 DNA bases.
Describe the base pairing rule for DNA bases.
Describe the base pairing rule for DNA bases.
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Describe the role of hydrogen bonds in the DNA structure.
Describe the role of hydrogen bonds in the DNA structure.
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State the name of the coiled structure adopted by DNA.
State the name of the coiled structure adopted by DNA.
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Identify the positions of 3' and 5' carbons on a DNA nucleotide.
Identify the positions of 3' and 5' carbons on a DNA nucleotide.
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Identify the positions of 3' and 5' ends on a DNA strand.
Identify the positions of 3' and 5' ends on a DNA strand.
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Describe how 2 strands of DNA align themselves to each other.
Describe how 2 strands of DNA align themselves to each other.
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Describe the key similarities and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Describe the key similarities and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Describe structure of circular chromosomes and identify the location and types of cells where they are found.
Describe structure of circular chromosomes and identify the location and types of cells where they are found.
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Describe structure of a plasmid and name the types of cells where they are found.
Describe structure of a plasmid and name the types of cells where they are found.
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Describe the organisation of DNA in linear chromosomes wrapped around histone proteins, found in nucleus of eukaryotes.
Describe the organisation of DNA in linear chromosomes wrapped around histone proteins, found in nucleus of eukaryotes.
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What is the term for an organelle, where aerobic respiration takes place, which contains circular chromosomes?
What is the term for an organelle, where aerobic respiration takes place, which contains circular chromosomes?
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What is the term for a cell without a nucleus?
What is the term for a cell without a nucleus?
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What is the term for a cell that has a nucleus?
What is the term for a cell that has a nucleus?
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What is the term for a circular piece of genetic material found in prokaryotes and some eukaryotic yeast cells?
What is the term for a circular piece of genetic material found in prokaryotes and some eukaryotic yeast cells?
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What is the term for a component of a DNA nucleotide that attaches to the deoxyribose sugar and makes the backbone?
What is the term for a component of a DNA nucleotide that attaches to the deoxyribose sugar and makes the backbone?
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What is the term for a component of DNA that consists of deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group and a base?
What is the term for a component of DNA that consists of deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group and a base?
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What is the DNA backbone made of?
What is the DNA backbone made of?
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What is the molecule that holds the genetic code in living organisms?
What is the molecule that holds the genetic code in living organisms?
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What is the term for the four building blocks of DNA? Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine.
What is the term for the four building blocks of DNA? Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine.
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What is the organelle found in plant cells, where photosynthesis takes place and which has circular DNA?
What is the organelle found in plant cells, where photosynthesis takes place and which has circular DNA?
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DNA is described as antiparallel because one strand runs 5' to 3' and the other runs 3' to 5'.
DNA is described as antiparallel because one strand runs 5' to 3' and the other runs 3' to 5'.
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What is the type of chromosome found in eukaryotic nuclei?
What is the type of chromosome found in eukaryotic nuclei?
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What sugar is a component of a DNA nucleotide?
What sugar is a component of a DNA nucleotide?
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What is the three-dimensional shape of a DNA molecule?
What is the three-dimensional shape of a DNA molecule?
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What is the weak bond that joins complementary base pairs in DNA?
What is the weak bond that joins complementary base pairs in DNA?
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What type of protein are linear chromosomes wrapped around?
What type of protein are linear chromosomes wrapped around?
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What type of chromosome is found in prokaryotic cells and within chloroplasts and mitochondria?
What type of chromosome is found in prokaryotic cells and within chloroplasts and mitochondria?
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Which of the following diagrams shows the correct structure of DNA?
Which of the following diagrams shows the correct structure of DNA?
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A section of double stranded DNA was found to have 60 guanine bases and 30 adenine bases. What is the total number of deoxyribose sugars in this section?
A section of double stranded DNA was found to have 60 guanine bases and 30 adenine bases. What is the total number of deoxyribose sugars in this section?
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The following terms describe different structures into which DNA can be organised within cells. 1. Linear chromosome 2. Circular chromosome 3. Circular plasmid. Which of these terms describe how DNA is organised within photosynthetic plant cells?
The following terms describe different structures into which DNA can be organised within cells. 1. Linear chromosome 2. Circular chromosome 3. Circular plasmid. Which of these terms describe how DNA is organised within photosynthetic plant cells?
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Name the type of bond which links the base of one nucleotide to the base of another.
Name the type of bond which links the base of one nucleotide to the base of another.
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Name the substance with which DNA is packaged in eukaryotes.
Name the substance with which DNA is packaged in eukaryotes.
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Describe how DNA is organised in prokaryotes.
Describe how DNA is organised in prokaryotes.
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State one location, other than the nucleus, where DNA is found in eukaryotic cells.
State one location, other than the nucleus, where DNA is found in eukaryotic cells.
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Study Notes
DNA Structure and Organisation
- DNA is a complex molecule found in all living cells, storing genetic information
- DNA is made up of two strands, each composed of repeating units called nucleotides
- Each nucleotide consists of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
- The four bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)
- Bases pair according to a specific rule: A with T, and G with C
- These base pairs are joined by weak hydrogen bonds
- DNA strands run antiparallel (one strand is 3' to 5', and the other is 5' to 3')
- The arrangement is described as a double helix
- The sugar and phosphate groups form the backbone of the DNA molecule
- Carbon atoms on the sugar are numbered (1' to 5')
- DNA organization varies in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotic DNA
- Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) lack a nucleus, with their DNA free in the cytoplasm
- DNA is organized into a single, circular chromosome
- They may also contain plasmids, small circular DNA molecules
- Plasmids carry extra genes, such as for antibiotic resistance
- These plasmids are found in both prokaryotes and some eukaryotes
Eukaryotic DNA
- Eukaryotes (animal, plant, and fungi cells) have DNA enclosed within a nucleus
- DNA is organized into linear chromosomes within the nucleus
- Chromosomes are tightly coiled and wrapped around proteins called histones
- DNA is also found in mitochondria and chloroplasts, as circular chromosomes in these organelles
- Yeast cells, a specific type of eukaryotic cell, contain plasmids along with their other chromosomes.
Key Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells do.
- Prokaryotic DNA is circular, while eukaryotic DNA is linear.
- Prokaryotic DNA is located in the cytoplasm, while eukaryotic DNA is located in the nucleus and also in organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Base Pairing Rule
- Adenine pairs with thymine
- Guanine pairs with cytosine
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