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Questions and Answers
Who was the first person to use the term 'cell' to describe the structures within cork?
Who was the first person to use the term 'cell' to describe the structures within cork?
Which of the following statements is NOT one of the postulates of the Cell Theory?
Which of the following statements is NOT one of the postulates of the Cell Theory?
What significant contribution did Rudolf Virchow make to the understanding of cells?
What significant contribution did Rudolf Virchow make to the understanding of cells?
What is the primary role of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?
What is the primary role of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?
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Which scientist is credited with observing living cells through a simple microscope?
Which scientist is credited with observing living cells through a simple microscope?
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Which organelle is known as the 'powerhouse of the cell'?
Which organelle is known as the 'powerhouse of the cell'?
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What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
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Which of the following structures is only present in eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following structures is only present in eukaryotic cells?
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What type of endoplasmic reticulum produces lipids?
What type of endoplasmic reticulum produces lipids?
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What is the role of lysosomes in a cell?
What is the role of lysosomes in a cell?
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What is the structure of the cell membrane often described as?
What is the structure of the cell membrane often described as?
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Which component of the cell serves as the site of protein synthesis?
Which component of the cell serves as the site of protein synthesis?
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What describes cytosol in a cell?
What describes cytosol in a cell?
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Which organelle is specifically involved in the detoxification processes within eukaryotic cells?
Which organelle is specifically involved in the detoxification processes within eukaryotic cells?
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What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?
What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?
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In which type of cell are centrioles primarily found?
In which type of cell are centrioles primarily found?
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Which component of the cytoskeleton is primarily responsible for cell movement and support of cell shape?
Which component of the cytoskeleton is primarily responsible for cell movement and support of cell shape?
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What do plasmids represent in prokaryotic cells?
What do plasmids represent in prokaryotic cells?
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Which structure protects prokaryotic cells from desiccation and assists with adherence?
Which structure protects prokaryotic cells from desiccation and assists with adherence?
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What key role do microtubules play during mitosis in animal cells?
What key role do microtubules play during mitosis in animal cells?
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Which of the following organelles is involved in photosynthesis?
Which of the following organelles is involved in photosynthesis?
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Which type of filament provides mechanical support and stability to eukaryotic cells?
Which type of filament provides mechanical support and stability to eukaryotic cells?
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What role do pili play in prokaryotic cells?
What role do pili play in prokaryotic cells?
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What function do intercalary meristems primarily serve in plants?
What function do intercalary meristems primarily serve in plants?
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Which types of meristematic tissues are crucial for secondary growth in plants?
Which types of meristematic tissues are crucial for secondary growth in plants?
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Which of the following describes permanent tissues in plants?
Which of the following describes permanent tissues in plants?
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Which type of simple permanent tissue is primarily involved in storing organic products in plants?
Which type of simple permanent tissue is primarily involved in storing organic products in plants?
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Where can parenchyma cells commonly be found in plants?
Where can parenchyma cells commonly be found in plants?
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What is a distinguishing characteristic of collenchyma tissue?
What is a distinguishing characteristic of collenchyma tissue?
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Which of the following statements about lateral meristems is correct?
Which of the following statements about lateral meristems is correct?
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In which types of plant tissues would you typically find parenchyma cells?
In which types of plant tissues would you typically find parenchyma cells?
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What is the primary function of the shoot system in vascular plants?
What is the primary function of the shoot system in vascular plants?
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What quality of meristematic tissue allows it to continuously produce specialized structures?
What quality of meristematic tissue allows it to continuously produce specialized structures?
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Which type of meristematic tissue is located at the tips of roots and shoots?
Which type of meristematic tissue is located at the tips of roots and shoots?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with meristematic tissue?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with meristematic tissue?
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What is the role of the root system in vascular plants?
What is the role of the root system in vascular plants?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of meristematic cells?
Which of the following is a characteristic of meristematic cells?
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What primarily occurs in the meristematic tissue during cellular division?
What primarily occurs in the meristematic tissue during cellular division?
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What is a key function of meristematic tissue in plants?
What is a key function of meristematic tissue in plants?
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Study Notes
Cell Theory
- Robert Hooke first described cells in cork and plant tissue in 1665, coining the term "cell" from "cellula" due to their resemblance to monk cells.
- Hans & Zacharias Jenssen invented the first compound microscope in 1590.
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed living cells in the 1680s through a simple microscope.
- Matthias Jakob Schleiden concluded in 1838 that plants are composed of cells.
- Rudolf Virchow proposed in 1855 that all living cells come from pre-existing cells, summarizing with "Omnis cellula e cellulae."
- The three postulates of cell theory:
- All living organisms consist of one or more cells.
- The cell is the fundamental unit of life.
- Cells originate from pre-existing cells.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Structures
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles
- Nucleus: The cell's control center, storing DNA and regulating activities; exclusive to eukaryotic cells.
- Nuclear Membrane: Protects the nucleus and regulates material movement; exclusive to eukaryotic cells.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Synthesizes proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER); exclusive to eukaryotic cells.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids; known as the "post office" of the cell; exclusive to eukaryotic cells.
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, converting energy from food into ATP; exclusive to eukaryotic cells.
- Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable layer controlling movement in and out of cells; present in both cell types.
- Cytosol: The fluid within the cell membrane, present in both cell types.
- Cytoplasm: Fluid that suspends cell parts; present in both cell types.
- Lysosome: Contains enzymes to break down waste; primarily found in animal cells.
- Peroxisomes: Detoxification centers converting fatty acids into hydrogen peroxide, then to water; exclusive to eukaryotic cells.
- Vacuoles: Storage sacs larger in plant cells, storing various substances; found in plant cells.
- Cytoskeleton: Provides structural support and facilitates movement; found in eukaryotic cells.
- Centrioles: Organizing centers for microtubules during cell division; found only in animal cells.
- Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll; exclusive to plant cells.
Prokaryotic Cell Organelles
- Capsule: Protective layer aiding in adherence and preventing desiccation; exclusive to prokaryotic cells.
- Cell Wall: Composed of murein, providing support and protection; found in prokaryotic and plant cells.
- Pili: Short appendages for attachment and genetic material exchange; exclusive to prokaryotic cells.
- Nucleoid Region: Contains genetic material unprotected by a membrane; exclusive to prokaryotic cells.
- Flagella: Organelle providing locomotion; exclusive to prokaryotic cells.
- Plasmids: Extra DNA molecules that can enhance survival; found in prokaryotic cells.
- Inclusion Bodies: Storage compartments for nutrients; found in prokaryotic cells.
- Fimbriae: Shorter structures aiding in adherence; exclusive to prokaryotic cells.
Plant Tissues
- Plants are multicellular eukaryotes with specialized tissues and organs.
- Vascular plants, other than mosses and liverworts, consist of distinct growing tissues categorized into a shoot system (stems, leaves) and a root system (water and mineral absorption).
Meristematic Tissue
- Defined by undifferentiated living cells necessary for plant growth and development.
- Meristematic cells have dense protoplasm, large nuclei, and actively divide to form specialized structures.
- Types include:
- Apical Meristems: Located at tips of roots/shoots, responsible for height growth.
- Intercalary Meristems: Found in leaves and internodes, aiding elongation.
- Lateral Meristems: Found on the sides of stems/roots, increasing thickness.
Permanent Tissue
- Composed of matured cells that can no longer divide; formed from meristematic tissue.
-
Simple Permanent Tissue: Homogeneous, made of one cell type; includes:
- Parenchyma: Supportive, found in various plant parts, including mesophyll, involved in nutrient storage and exchange.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of Cell Theory with this quiz. Learn about Robert Hooke's contributions and the timeline of key proponents in the development of this essential concept in biology. Perfect for 1st-quarter reviewers in biology classes!
