Java Arrays and Data Structures Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the correct way to declare an array of doubles in Java?

  • int[] myNumbers;
  • double [] myList; (correct)
  • string myList[];
  • decimal[] myDecimalList[];

    • The size of an array can be changed after it has been created.

    False

    What is the index of the first element in an array?

    0

    In the definition of an array, int tests = new int[___]; specifies the maximum number of elements the array can hold.

    <p>SIZE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following array-related terms with their definitions:

    <p>Subscript = Used to access an element in an array Array Reference Variable = Holds the reference to the array in memory Fixed Size = Cannot change after array creation Data Type = Specifies the type of elements an array can hold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to find the size of an array in Java?

    <p>arrayRefVar.length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The value 'myList.length' would return the size of an array called myList.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the 'values[1]' after the first iteration of the loop in the provided code?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An operation that deletes an element at a given index in an array is called __________.

    <p>deletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following array operations with their descriptions:

    <p>Traverse = Print all array elements one by one Insertion = Add an element at the given index Deletion = Delete an element at the given index Shift left = Shift all elements one position to the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using a data structure?

    <p>To make code cleaner and easier to understand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A dynamic array cannot grow in size after its initial allocation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of data structures based on their memory allocation?

    <p>Static and Dynamic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _______ is a linear data structure that stores a sequence of objects in contiguous memory.

    <p>static array</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of non-primitive data structure?

    <p>Integer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following data structures with their characteristics:

    <p>Static Array = Fixed size and contiguous memory Dynamic Array = Automatically resizes when needed LinkedList = Node-based structure allowing non-contiguous storage Stack = Follows Last In First Out (LIFO) principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An ArrayList in Java is considered a static data structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one type of linear data structure.

    <p>Array or LinkedList or Stack or Queue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if an attempt is made to insert an element into a full array?

    <p>The insertion fails and the original size is returned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The time complexity of the insertion function is O(n).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What value does the function return after a successful insertion?

    <p>size + 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In deletion, the element at position ______ is removed from the array.

    <p>given</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial array before the insertion operation?

    <p>[12, 16, 20, 40, 50, 70]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the insertAtPos function do?

    <p>It inserts a value at a specific position in the array.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The function returns size-1 if the deletion is ______.

    <p>successful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity of inserting an element at the end of a static array?

    <p>O(1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shifting elements in an array to the right requires the same number of operations regardless of the array's size.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of inserting the value 49 into the sorted sequence 6, 41, 76, 99, 200?

    <p>6, 41, 49, 76, 99, 200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ element in an array is the one that holds the highest value.

    <p>largest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When inserting a value into a static array, what condition must be met to perform the insertion?

    <p>The current size must be less than capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of searching an element in a static array is independent of the array size.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the process of insertion at a given position in an array?

    <p>Shift elements to the right from the given position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Data Structure & Algorithms 231-CCS-4

    • Course overview covered in Textbook Chapter 1, pages 1-55.
    • Course topics include: data structure, types of data structures, arrays and vectors in Java, and abstract data types.
    • A data structure (DS) is a way of organizing data for effective use.
    • Data structures are critical components for building fast and powerful algorithms, making code cleaner and easier to understand.

    Outline of Chapter 1

    • Data structure
    • Types of data structures
    • Arrays and Vectors in JAVA
    • Abstract data types

    Data Structures (cont.)

    • Primitive data structures include integer, float, character, and boolean.
    • Non-primitive data structures are divided into linear and non-linear types.
      • Linear structures include static arrays, dynamic arrays (vectors or ArrayList in Java), vectors, ArrayList, LinkedList, Stack, and Queue.
      • Non-linear structures include Tree and Graph.

    Static and Dynamic Arrays

    • A static array is a fixed-size, homogeneous data structure that stores elements in contiguous memory locations.
    • A dynamic array (Vector or ArrayList) automatically expands its size when more elements are added.

    Static Arrays (cont.)

    • Declared using the [] operator
    • Accessing array elements uses a subscript or index (starting at 0).
    • The size of an array in memory, is the product of the number of elements and the size of each element in bytes.

    Static Arrays (cont.) - Array Terminology Example

    • An array's size is fixed when it is created.
    • The length of an array can be obtained using arrayRefVar.length

    Array Example (Static Arrays cont.)

    • Example Java code demonstrating static array creation and usage.

    Basic Operations (Static Arrays cont.)

    • Supported operations include input, output, traversing (printing array elements one by one), insertion, deletion.
    • Other operations include shifting (left or right), calculating sum and average, finding the largest and smallest values, searching, sorting, and more.

    Insertion (cont.)

    • Example of how to insert a new item 49 into a sorted sequence in a static array

    Insertion at the end.

    • Insertion at the end of a static array.
    • Code examples illustrate the insertion process and time complexity (O(1)).

    Insertion at a given position.

    • Insertion at a specific position within a static array.
    • Code examples illustrate the process and time complexity (O(n)).

    Deletion

    • How to delete an element at a specified position within a static array
    • Code examples illustrate the process and time complexity (O(n)).

    Multidimensional Arrays

    • An array containing more than one series of elements is known as a multidimensional array
    • Useful for representing tables in spreadsheets
    • Accessing elements uses subscripts (e.g matrix[row][column]).

    Two-Dimensional Array

    • Example of a two-dimensional array.
    • Example Java code, taking input, calculating sum of all elements and displaying the sum.

    Java Vector Class

    • A dynamically sized array of objects.
    • It's part of the java.util package.
    • It provides methods like add, remove, capacity, and size.

    Dynamic Arrays cont.

    • There are three ways to create vector class object.
    • 1- vector(): Creates a vector with initial capacity 10
    • 2- vector(int initialCapacity): Creates a vector with given initial capacity
    • 3- vector (int initialCapacity, int incr): Creates a vector with initial capacity and increment.

    Adding Element in the specific position (Dynamic Array cont.)

    • Adding new elements at specified locations within the vector.

    Abstract Data Type (ADT)

    • A logical picture of data and operations to manipulate data.
    • Focuses on what operations can be done, not how.

    Abstract Data Type (cont.) - Examples

    • List, in terms of abstraction (ADT) and its implementation (DS)
    • Queue, in terms of abstraction (ADT) and its implementation (DS)
    • Map, in terms of abstraction (ADT) and its implementation (DS)
    • Vehicle, in terms of abstraction (ADT) and its implementation (DS)

    Abstract Data Types (cont.) - Interfaces

    • One way to define an abstract data type in Java is via an Interface.

    Abstract Data Type (cont.) - Example: Set

    • Set is an ADT example that uses finite sets of elements.

    Chapter 2: Complexity Analysis

    • Topics include algorithm basics, algorithmic analysis, complexity analysis, Big-O, omega, and theta notations and rule usage.

    The Algorithm Definition

    • Features of an algorithm include problem generalizability, consistent output for the same inputs across varied platforms and programming languages, and consistency of input/output structure.

    Important Properties of Algorithms

    • An algorithm is efficient and correct.

    Computational and Asymptotic Complexity

    • Measuring algorithm efficiency involves evaluating computational complexity, considering time and space cost criteria..

    Computational and Asymptotic Complexity (cont.)

    • Efficiency analysis often concentrates on execution time.
    • Time complexity analysis is pivotal in assessing algorithm efficacy for practical situations.

    Computational and Asymptotic Complexity (cont.) - Problem

    • Algorithm runtime is frequently dependent on programming languages and systems.
    • Performance assessment using time units (like microseconds) could obscure algorithm efficiency comparison.

    Computational and Asymptotic Complexity (cont.) - Solution

    • Algorithm efficiency is usually expressed in relative terms, considering size (n) and execution time or steps (t) relationships.

    Computational and Asymptotic Complexity (cont.) - Big O Notation

    • A mathematical notation used to establish an upper bound for the rate of function growth as input size becomes increasingly large.

    Computational and Asymptotic Complexity (cont.) - Big-O Notation (Examples)

    • Various examples of function (f(n)) analysis and their time complexity behavior using Big-O notation, comparing different time complexities

    Computational and Asymptotic Complexity (cont.) - Big-O Notation (Properties)

    • Big O notations allow evaluating the algorithm complexity based on input size (n).

    Computational and Asymptotic Complexity (cont.) - Ω and θ Notations

    • Ω notation describes functions' lower bounds and θ notation describes functions' upper and lower bounds.

    Computational and Asymptotic Complexity (cont.) - Ω and θ Notations (cont.)

    • Interconnecting these notations involves the equivalence: f(n) is Ω(g(n)) iff g(n) is O(f(n)).

    Computational and Asymptotic Complexity (cont.) -Examples of Complexities

    • Example cases of complexity (e.g. constant, logarithmic, linear, …) and their time complexity.

    Computational and Asymptotic Complexity (cont.) - Comparison of different time complexities

    • Various types of time complexities are illustrated with examples (e.g., constant, logarithmic,..) and their corresponding efficiency.

    Computational and Asymptotic Complexity (cont.) - Comparison with examples

    • Illustrating the practical usage of time complexities (e.g constant, or log n,…) with code examples and practical usage situations..

    Computational and Asymptotic Complexity (cont.) - Some general rules

    • Guidelines for analyzing the time complexity of code containing nested structures, consecutive statements, and if-else statements.

    Chapter 3: Linked Lists

    • Characteristics of linked lists, including limitations of arrays and advantages of linked structures.
    • Single Linked Lists.

    Chapter 3: Linked Lists (cont.) - Single Linked Lists

    • Structure of a Single Linked List node.

    Node Definition

    Creating a Linked List

    • Constructing linked lists by initializing and linking nodes.

    Accessing a Linked List

    • Using a single reference to traverse the entire list.

    Adding a new node at the beginning of the Single Linked List

    • Steps to perform insertion at the start of the list.

    Adding a new node at the end of the Single Linked List

    • Steps to add a new node to the end of the list.

    Deleting a node from the beginning of the Single Linked List

    • Steps required to delete the first node in the Single Linked List.

    Deleting a node from the end of the Single Linked List

    • Steps to remove the last node in the Single Linked List.

    Deletion of a Node in the Middle

    • Steps for deleting a node in the middle of the list.

    Searching in a Single Linked List

    • Method for checking if an element is present in the list.

    Doubly Linked List

    • Structure of a Doubly Linked List node.

    Adding a node to the end of a Doubly Linked list

    • Illustrating adding nodes to the end or tail of the Doubly linked list.

    Deleting from the end of the Doubly Linked list

    • Steps for deleting a node from the end of a Doubly Linked list.

    Chapter 4: Stacks and Queues, Introduction

    • Abstract data types and operations, particularly in the context of stacks and queues.

    Stacks

    • Stack definition and characteristics.

    Stacks (cont.) - Operations

    • Basic operations involved in the use of stacks.

    Stacks (cont.) - First Example

    • Matching delimiters in a programming context, using a stack.

    Stacks (cont.) Second Example)

    • Adding numbers using stacks for operations

    Stacks (cont.) - Implementation of the abstract Stack data structure

    • Possible implementations, including arrays and linked lists.

    Stacks (cont.) - Example of operations, using the stack in a programming context for

    • Demonstration of sequential operations on an abstract data stack: push, pop, topEl.

    Queues

    • What and how a queue works.

    Queues (cont.) - Operations

    • Operations possible on a queue

    Queues (cont.) - Applications (Example)

    • Application of a queue, with code example, to determine if certain poem adheres to the acrostic model.

    Array Implementation of a Queue

    • Array-based queue implementation, considering the need for circular array representation to avoid waste space issues.

    Array Implementation of a Queue (cont.) –Enqueueing in a full queu

    • Handling enqueue operations when a queue is full in an array-based implementation..

    Array Implementation of a Queue (cont.) –Dequeueing in a queue

    • Processing dequeue actions considering the queue's state.

    Linked List Implementation of a Queue

    • Queue implementation using arrays versus linked lists.

    Priority Queues

    • Characteristics of priority queues in data structures

    Priority Queues Implementation

    • Two different implementations are possible for priority queues using linked lists.

    Stacks in Applications, Introduction

    • Postfix, infix, and prefix notations will be covered

    Evaluation of Postfix Expression (cont.)

    • Steps of algorithm and the use of the stack

    Evaluation of Postfix Expressions (cont.) –Example

    • Example of a postfix expression evaluation.

    Infix Expressions Evaluation

    • Two-step process for evaluating infix expressions: converting infix to postfix, and evaluating the result.

    Infix to Postfix Conversion

    • Rules and the use of stacks

    Infix to Postfix Conversion Example 1

    • Example conversion from infix to postfix notations.

    Infix to Postfix Conversion Example 2

    • Example conversion, showing details of the process .

    Infix to Postfix Exp. Conversion - Rules, step by step

    • Rules and step by step procedure to transform from Infix expressions to Postfix expressions in more examples.

    Chapter 5: Searching & Sorting

    • Various searching and sorting algorithms.

    Searching Arrays

    • Sequential search and binary search algorithms.
    • Sequential search algorithm definition
    • Algorithm used to perform binary search.

    Binary Search Implementation

    • Algorithm with code and diagrams representing the steps

    Arrays.binarySearch Method

    • Java Arrays.binarySearch method.

    Insertion Sort

    • Implementation and characteristics of the insertion sort.

    Selection Sort

    • Steps of implementation and comparison analysis

    Sorting arrays with bubble sort.

    Implementation and characteristics of the bubble sort

    Chapter 6: Recursion

    • Introduction to recursive definitions, examples, and the process of recursive calls.

    Recursive Definition Examples

    • Examples of recursive definitions with different ways of computing recursively the Factorial function.

    Method Calls and Recursion

    • How the Run-Time stack manages information and calls during recursion

    Method Calls and Recursion (cont.) – Stack Frame

    • Components of a stack frame

    Method Calls and Recursion (cont.) – Stack Frame During Execution

    • Demonstrating how stack frames are manipulated during recursive calls.

    Anatomy of Recursion Call Example

    • Example of recursive call implementation.

    Tail Recursion

    • Defining and illustrating a recursive function example using tail recursion.

    Nontail recursion

    • Explanation of nontail recursion with an example.

    Indirect Recursion

    • Definition and structure to demonstrate examples of indirect recursion

    Nested Recursion

    • Explanation and examples of nested recursion in data structures.

    Excessive Recursion

    • Inefficiency issues and avoidance of excessive recursion in algorithms

    ###Searching and Sorting using Recursion

    • Using recursion techniques for search problems (e.g Binary search) and sort problems (e.g Quick Sort and Merge Sort).

    Chapter 7: Binary Trees

    • Concepts, terminology, including trees, binary trees, properties of perfect binary trees, and types of binary trees, such as complete and full, along with their differences

    Trees - Terminologies

    • Definitions and explanation of tree terms used in tree traversal.

    Binary Tree

    • Definition of binary trees and their characteristics.

    Properties of Binary Tree

    • Summary of properties and concepts.

    Perfect Binary Tree

    • Properties of perfect binary trees

    Full Binary Trees

    • Characteristics of full binary trees

    Complete Binary Tree

    • Properties of complete binary trees.

    Degenerative Binary Trees

    • Defining degenerate binary trees

    Chapter 8: B-Trees

    • Introduction to B-Trees and their characteristics

    B-Tree Properties

    • Properties of B-Trees and their importance

    B-Tree Implementation

    Implementation concepts for B-Trees

    Searching in B-Tree

    • Search operation details and the O(log n) time complexity

    Insertion in B-Tree

    • Different situations when inserting elements.

    Deletion in B-Tree

    • Steps for handling different cases in deleting elements

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