Jainism and Buddhism Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the social impact of Jainism and Buddhism, as presented in the provided content?

  • They primarily focused on the economic aspects, with limited impact on social structures.
  • They reinforced the existing Varna system, emphasizing birth-based social hierarchies.
  • They championed social equality, disregarding the Varna system and its emphasis on birth. (correct)
  • They advocated for a modified Varna system, allowing social mobility through individual actions only.

What was the primary symbolic association of the 23rd Tirthankar, Parshavnath?

  • Bull
  • Elephant
  • Lion
  • Serpent (correct)

Vardhaman Mahavir achieved enlightenment (Kaivalya) under which of the following circumstances?

  • Under a Sal tree at Jambhikagrama. (correct)
  • Under an Ashoka tree in Sarnath.
  • Under a Banyan tree in Bodh Gaya.
  • By the banks of the Ganga River in Varanasi.

What does the term 'Jitendriya', as related to Jainism, signify?

<p>One who has mastered their senses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a principle of living (vow) in Jainism (Anuvratas)?

<p>Dharma (righteous duty). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event led to the major division within Jainism into Digambara and Shwetambara sects?

<p>A famine in Magadha, which caused a group to migrate to Karnataka. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Sallekhana' and which Jain sect practices it?

<p>A method of fasting until death, practiced by the Digambara sect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many principles of living are recognized in Jainism?

<p>5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Jain council led to the compilation of the 12 Angas?

<p>The first council which took place in 303 BC (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of Jain architecture mentioned in the text?

<p>The Dilwara Jain Temple in Rajasthan. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the patrons of the Statue of Gometeshwara/Bahubali in Karnataka?

<p>Chandragupta Maurya and Bindusara (C), Vastupala Brothers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the childhood name of Gautam Buddha?

<p>Siddhartha (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is celebrated with the Mahamatsyabhishek festival?

<p>Gometeshwara's ascension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 8 Fold Path in Buddhism?

<p>It outlines steps to end suffering. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Buddhist text primarily contains Buddha's teachings?

<p>Sutra (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where did Gautam Buddha attain enlightenment?

<p>Bodh Gaya (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which council was held in Rajgriha?

<p>1st Buddhist Council (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sect of Buddhism?

<p>Tathagata (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of structure is a Chaitya?

<p>A prayer hall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the son of Emperor Ashoka sent to Ceylon to spread Buddhism?

<p>Mahendra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stupa is located in Madhya Pradesh and depicts Jataka Tales?

<p>Sanchi Stupa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinctive feature of the Vajrayana sect of Buddhism?

<p>Belief in Tantric rituals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the 8 Holy Places of Buddhism?

<p>Ajanta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Vinaya in Buddhist texts?

<p>Monastic rules and courts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Origins of Jainism and Buddhism

Jainism and Buddhism arose as alternative paths to traditional Brahminic practices, rejecting ritual sacrifices and advocating for non-violence and social equality.

Ahimsa in Jainism and Buddhism

The belief in non-violence (Ahimsa) is a central tenet of both Jainism and Buddhism, influencing their ethical and social practices.

Social Equality in Jainism and Buddhism

Both Jainism and Buddhism challenged the traditional Varna system based on birth, instead emphasizing individual merit and occupation as the basis for social standing.

Mahavira: The 24th Tirthankara

Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, is considered the main founder of Jainism, his teachings established the core principles of the religion.

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Jainism's 24 Tirthankaras

Jainism recognizes 24 Tirthankaras, enlightened beings who guide humanity towards liberation, each represented by a specific animal symbol.

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Jainism's Three Principles

The three essential principles of Jain philosophy are Right Knowledge (Samyaka Jnana), Right Faith (Samyaka Darshana), and Right Conduct (Samyaka Charitra), crucial for achieving liberation.

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Jainism's Five Vows: Anuvratas

The five main vows (Anuvratas) in Jainism promote non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, sexual restraint, and non-attachment to material possessions.

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Divisions within Jainism

The two main divisions within Jainism are the Digambara and Shwetaambara sects, differing in their practices and beliefs, particularly regarding clothing.

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Salnekhana: Fasting unto Death

Salnekhana, a form of fasting unto death, is a practice in Jainism where an individual chooses to end their life through voluntary starvation.

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Jain Architecture

Jain architecture is characterized by intricate temples, often carved from rock, like the Hathigumpha Caves and the Dilwara Jain Temple, reflecting their artistic and architectural excellence.

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Who is Rishabhanatha?

The first Tirthankara (spiritual leader) in Jainism. He is believed to have attained liberation from the cycle of birth and death.

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What is Shravanabelagola known for?

A significant Jain temple located in Karnataka, India. It is notable for a colossal statue of Bahubali (Gometeshwara), the son of the first Tirthankara.

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What is the Mahamatsyshabhishek festival?

A festival celebrated at Shravanabelagola, Karnataka, where the statue of Bahubali (Gometeshwara) is ritually bathed with milk and water, signifying purification.

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Who is Gautama Buddha?

The founder of Buddhism. He is believed to have attained enlightenment under the Bodhi Tree in Bodh Gaya.

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What was Gautama Buddha's name before enlightenment?

The childhood name of Gautama Buddha before he renounced his princely life and embarked on his spiritual journey.

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Where did Gautama Buddha attain enlightenment?

The place where Gautama Buddha is believed to have achieved enlightenment, under the Bodhi Tree. It is located in Bihar, India.

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What is the name of the river in Bodh Gaya where Buddha attained enlightenment?

The name of the river where Gautama Buddha achieved enlightenment, flowing near Bodh Gaya.

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Where did Gautama Buddha deliver his first sermon?

The place where Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon after attaining enlightenment. It is located in Uttar Pradesh, India.

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What is the Eightfold Path in Buddhism?

The eight practices that lead to liberation from suffering according to Buddhism. They are: Right Understanding, Right Thought, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration.

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What is a Buddhist Council?

A gathering of Buddhist monks to discuss and preserve the teachings of the Buddha. There were four major councils in Buddhist history.

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What is a Chaitya?

A place of worship for Buddhists, often containing a stupa or other relics of the Buddha.

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What is a Vihara?

A place of residence for Buddhist monks. It often provides a space for meditation and studying the teachings.

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What is a Stupa?

A hemispherical dome-shaped structure that contains relics of the Buddha or represents the presence of the Buddha. Stupas are a common feature in Buddhist architecture.

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What is Nalanda University?

A major Buddhist university located in Nalanda, Bihar, India. It was a flourishing center of learning for centuries.

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What is Lumbini?

One of the Eight Holy Places in Buddhism. It is located in Lumbini, Nepal, and it is the birthplace of Gautama Buddha.

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What is the Tripitaka?

A collection of Buddhist texts that preserve the teachings, monastic rules, and interpretations of the Buddha.

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What is the Milindpanho?

A famous dialogue between King Milinda (Greek ruler Menander) and the Buddhist monk Nagasena. It explores philosophical questions and the teachings of the Buddha.

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What are Jataka Tales?

A type of literature in Buddhism that recounts the past lives of the Buddha. It is considered a powerful reminder of the cycle of birth and death and the importance of karma.

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Study Notes

Jainism and Buddhism

  • Jainism and Buddhism originated in India.
  • Both rejected the caste system, believing that people should be treated equally, regardless of birth.
  • Both believed in non-violence (Ahimsa).
  • Key figures in Jainism were the Tirthankaras.
  • Key figures in Buddhism were the Buddha.
  • The causes of the origin of Jainism and Buddhism include Brahminical domination, ritual sacrifices, and agricultural economy.
  • The use of punch-marked coins impacted trade, and the existing Varna system did not matter to both religions.

Jainism

  • The total number of Tirthankaras is 24.

  • The first Tirthankara was Rishabh Dev.

  • The 23rd Tirthankara was Parshavnath.

  • The 24th Tirthankara was Vardhaman Mahavira.

  • Vardhaman Mahavira was born in 540 BCE in Kundagrama, Bihar.

  • He died in 468 BCE in Pavapuri, Bihar.

  • His father was Siddhartha, belonging to the Kshatriya clan.

  • His mother was Trishala.

  • Jain philosophy comprises three main principles: Right knowledge (Samyaka Jnana), Right faith (Samyaka Darshana), and Right conduct (Samyaka Charitra).

  • Five principles of living are included in Jain philosophy under the name Anuvratas.

  • Ahimsa is one of the principles.

  • Basadis are Jain Monasteries.

  • Kevalin refers to someone who is perfectly learned and has achieved complete knowledge.

  • Jitendriya is one who has mastered their senses.

  • In the Vedas, only two Tirthankaras are mentioned: Rishabha and Aristanemi.

Buddhism

  • Gautam Buddha belonged to the Shakya Clan.
  • Born in 563 BC in Lumbini, Nepal.
  • Died in 483 BC in Kushinagara.
  • Childhood name was Siddhartha.
  • Father was Suddhodhana.
  • Mother was Mahamaya.
  • Stepmother was Mahaprajapati Goutami.
  • Wife was Yashodhara.
  • Son was Rahul.
  • Left home at 29 years of age.
  • First teacher was Alara Kalama.
  • Second teacher was Udraka Ramputra.
  • Enlightenment occurred in Uruvella (Bodh Gaya) under a Bodhi tree.
  • First sermon in Sarnath, Varanasi.
  • River where the enlightenment happened: Niranjana.

Important Events in Buddha's life

  • Birth
  • House Renunciation (Mahabhinishkramana)
  • Enlightenment (Nirvana)
  • First Sermon (Dharmachakrapravartana)
  • Death (Parinirvana)/Mahaparinirvana
  • Chariot: Channa
  • Symbols: Lotus, Horse, Kanthaka
  • Important events in Buddha's life were symbolised by objects.
  • The Buddha's teachings comprise Four Noble Truths.

Buddhist Councils and Patronage

  • The First Buddhist Council was held at Rajgriha in 400 BC/483 BC, under Ajatshatru.
  • The Second Buddhist Council was held at Vaishali in 383 BC, under Kalashoka.
  • The Third Buddhist Council was held at Patliputra in 250 BC, under Ashoka.
  • The Fourth Buddhist Council was held in Kashmir in 72 AD, under Kanishka.
  • The key figures of patronage in Buddhist Councils include Mahakashyapa, Sabakami, Mogalpura Tissa, and Vasumitra.

Sects of Buddhism

  • Hinayana did not believe in idol worship; Text: Pali.
  • Mahayana believed in idol worship; Text: Sanskrit.
  • Vajrayana is Tantric Buddhism (Eastern).
  • Bodhisattvas are Vajrapani, Avlokitesvara, and Amitabh.
  • Buddhist text consists of Pali (majorly) and Sanskrit, and Tripitaka.

Buddhist Texts

  • Sutta (Buddha's teachings)
  • Vinaya (Monastic courts and rules)
  • Abhidharma (Interpretation of Sutta)
  • Milindpanho is a dialogue between Milinda and Nagasena.
  • Buddhacharitra is by Asvaghosha.
  • Jataka tales are about previous births of Buddha in both human and animal forms.

Terms of Buddhism

  • Chaitya: Place of worship.
  • Vihara: Place of residence/monastery.
  • Dhamma (Dharma): Doctrine/righteousness.
  • Stupas: Dome-shaped structures.
  • Largest Stupa: Kesariya (Bihar).
  • Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath (Uttar Pradesh).
  • Ramabhar Stupa in Kushinagara.
  • Stupas were built in 3rd Century BCE and 12th Century CE.

Buddhist Universities

  • Nalanda
  • Vikramshila
  • Odantpuri
  • Kumaragupta I
  • Dharmapala
  • Gopala

One Liners (MCQs)

  • Chaitya: Prayer hall
  • Lion Capital built during the first sermon of Buddha.
  • Bharhut Stupa depicts Jataka Tales and Stories.
  • Chethiyagiri Vihara is a Buddhist festival in Sanchi.
  • The rules for Buddhist Sangha are in Vinaya Pitaka.
  • Lord Buddha's first sermon was on Four Noble Truths in Bodh Gaya.
  • Ashoka's son Mahendra and daughter Sanghamitra spread Buddhism.
  • Ashoka's rock inscription is at Jogad, Odisha.
  • Lomas Rishi and Barakar Caves are Buddhist cave temples.
  • First and fourth Jain Tirthankaras originated from Ayodhya.
  • "Jina" in Jain Philosophy: The Conqueror.

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