HS 201 Lecture 018: Indian Philosophies and Religions - Ancient and Medieval Periods
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Questions and Answers

What was the name of the tree under which Buddha achieved Enlightenment?

  • Banyan tree
  • Neem tree
  • Pipal tree (correct)
  • Teak tree

    • What is the name of the son of Buddha?

  • Mahamaya
  • Suddhodana
  • Rahula (correct)
  • Yasodhara

    • At what age did Buddha renounce his worldly life?

  • 30
  • 29 (correct)
  • 32
  • 35

    • What is the first sermon of Buddha known as?

    <p>Sarnath Deer park</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of Buddha's wife?

    <p>Yasodhara</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental principle of Buddhism emphasized by Buddha?

    <p>Ahimsa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of a man according to Buddha's teachings?

    <p>Shedding of all desires and ending of sufferings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of 'ahimsa'?

    <p>The concept of non-killing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Law of 'karma'?

    <p>The condition of a man in this life and the next depends upon his own actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the emphasis of Buddha in his teachings?

    <p>Moral life of an individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Second Buddhist council?

    <p>Buddhist order broke into Sthaviravadins and Mahasanghikas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the location of the Fourth Buddhist council?

    <p>Kashmir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Indian philosophies is significant for its naturalism?

    <p>Vaisheshika</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the emergence of Buddhism and Jainism in the 6th century BCE?

    <p>Prevailing rigid religious conditions and social inequality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Indian philosophies is associated with the concept of 'niyati' or cosmic force?

    <p>Ajivika</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Indian philosophies is characterized by philosophical scepticism and rejection of spiritualism?

    <p>Carvaka / Lokayata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Indian philosophies deals with the later portion of the Vedas, known as the Upanishads?

    <p>Uttara mimamsa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the rise of agricultural economy and animal husbandry on religious practices?

    <p>Elimination of animal sacrifices due to the requirement of livestock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central principle of Jainism?

    <p>Disciplined nonviolence to attain spiritual purity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of the term 'Jina' in Jainism?

    <p>One who has achieved enlightenment and spiritual purity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the 23rd Tirthankara in Jainism?

    <p>Parsvanatha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of the term 'Tirthankara' in Jainism?

    <p>A Ford Maker, who leads the way across the stream of rebirth to salvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the last teacher of right knowledge, faith, and practice in Jainism?

    <p>Vardhamana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many years of severe penance did Mahavira undergo to attain enlightenment?

    <p>12 ½ years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the practice of agriculture considered sinful in Jainism?

    <p>Because it caused injury to the earth, worms, and animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for the decline of Jainism?

    <p>Decrease in royal patronage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a characteristic of the Digambara sect?

    <p>Prescribing nudity and severe penance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main difference between Jainism and Buddhism?

    <p>Jainism propagated severe penance and fasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Buddhism spread rapidly?

    <p>Due to the patronage of Asoka, Kanishka, and Harsha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Buddha's Enlightenment and Teachings

    • Buddha achieved Enlightenment under the Bodhi Tree.
    • His son is named Rahula.
    • Buddha renounced his worldly life at the age of 29.
    • The first sermon of Buddha is known as the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta.
    • His wife was named Yasodhara.
    • Fundamental principle emphasized by Buddha is the Four Noble Truths.
    • Ultimate goal according to Buddha's teachings is Nirvana, the state of liberation from suffering.

    Key Concepts in Buddhism

    • 'Ahimsa' is the concept of non-violence and respect for all living beings.
    • The Law of 'karma' denotes the principle of cause and effect, where one's actions determine their future experiences.
    • Buddha's teachings emphasized ethical conduct, mental discipline, and wisdom.

    Buddhist Councils and Philosophical Context

    • The Second Buddhist Council resulted in the establishment of the Theravada and Mahayana traditions.
    • The Fourth Buddhist Council took place in Kashmir.
    • Materialism and naturalism are significant features of the Carvaka philosophy in India.
    • Emergence of Buddhism and Jainism in the 6th century BCE was primarily a response to the ritualism and hierarchical structures in Vedic religion.

    Jainism Beliefs and Key Figures

    • The philosophy that includes 'niyati' or cosmic force is associated with Samkhya.
    • The philosophy characterized by scepticism and rejection of spiritualism is known as the Charvaka school.
    • The later portion of the Vedas, called the Upanishads, is approached philosophically in Vedanta.
    • Rise of agricultural economy led to the shift in ritual practices and a greater emphasis on asceticism.

    Jainism's Central Principles

    • The central principle of Jainism is the concept of non-possessiveness (aparigraha).
    • 'Jina' in Jainism means "conqueror," referring to one who has conquered the cycle of birth and death.
    • Mahavira is considered the 23rd Tirthankara.
    • The term 'Tirthankara' refers to a spiritual teacher who has attained enlightenment and helps others achieve the same.
    • Mahavira is regarded as the last teacher of right knowledge, faith, and practice in Jainism.
    • Mahavira underwent 12 years of severe penance to attain enlightenment.

    Jainism Practices and Decline

    • Agriculture was deemed sinful in Jainism due to its potential harm to living beings.
    • Decline of Jainism was largely due to competition from Buddhism and the rise of new religious movements.
    • The Digambara sect is characterized by its ascetic practices and belief in complete nakedness.
    • A key difference between Jainism and Buddhism is Jainism's strict adherence to non-violence and asceticism, whereas Buddhism allows for more flexibility.
    • Buddhism spread rapidly due to its appeal across various social classes and support from influential rulers.

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    Description

    Take this quiz to test your knowledge of Indian philosophies, including Sankhya and Nyaya, and the emergence of Buddhism, Jainism, and other heterodox sects in ancient India. Learn about the key concepts and principles of these philosophies and religions. This quiz is based on Lecture 018 of HS 201, World Civilizations and Cultures Module C.

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