Inflammation

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What is inflammation?

A defense reaction of living tissue against damage, aimed at removing the cause of injury and repairing the tissue.

What are the two types of inflammation?

Acute and chronic inflammation

Which of the following is an endogenous cause of inflammation?

Thermal burns

thrombosis (correct)

Fractures

Bacterial infection

What physical agent is an exogenous cause of inflammation?

Fractures Signup and view all the answers

Match to the correct Exogenous agents

Mechanical agents = Fractures, foreign objects and sand Thermal agents = Burns, freezing Chemical agents = Toxic gases, acids, bases Biological agents = Bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi Signup and view all the answers

What are the exogenous biological agents?

Bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi Signup and view all the answers

What are the two endogenous causes?

Circulation disorders and metabolic products Signup and view all the answers

What are the 7 mediators of inflammation?

Pro-inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins, plasma proteases, platelet activating factor, complement components, vasoactive amines and leukotrines Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are pro-inflammatory cytokines?

IL-8 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the pro-inflammatory cytokines is responsible for inducing fever and stress hormone production?

IL-1 Signup and view all the answers

Which proinflammatory cytokines are responsible for inducing the synthesis of IL-6, IL-8 and interferon gamma?

TNF alpha Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mediators is responsible for promoting acute phase protein release?

IL-6 Signup and view all the answers

IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 promote ____, _ and ________

IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 promote chemotaxis, induce extravasation of granulocytes, and degranulation of neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of C3b and C5a in the complement system during inflammation?

Induce vascular permeability and chemotaxis Signup and view all the answers

Complement components also stimulate chemotaxis of ____, _ and ________

Complement components also stimulate chemotaxis of neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes Signup and view all the answers

What role does prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) play during inflammation?

Potentiate effects of histamine and other inflammatory mediators Signup and view all the answers

Prostaglandins contribute to ___, _, _ and ____ during inflammation

Prostaglandins contribute to vasodilation, capillary permeability, pain and fever during inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Thromboxane A2 promotes platelet aggregation and inhibits vasoconstriction

False Signup and view all the answers

Which eicosanoid is directly responsible for causing bronchoconstriction during inflammation?

Leukotrine C4 (LTC4) Signup and view all the answers

LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 induce smooth muscle contraction

True Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following inflammatory mediators are known as the “slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis”?

Leukotrines LTC4, LTD4, LTE4 Signup and view all the answers

What are the two vasoactive amines mentioned in the lecture?

Histamine and serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are vasoactive amine found at high concentration? (Hint: 3 cells)

They are found at high concentrations in platelets, basophils and mast cells Signup and view all the answers

What are the two plasma proteases?

Kinins and clotting factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not true about Platelet Activating Factor’s functions?

It activates eosinophils and is a neutrophil chemoattractant Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the vascular stage of inflammation involves initial vasoconstriction?

Phase 1 Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of inflammation is characterized by increased vascular permeability and swelling?

Phase III Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the active vasodilation phase of inflammation?

Increased blood flow to the inflamed area leading to hyperemia & increased cellular metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of inflammation directly follows the cellular stage and involves removal of pathogens and tissue repair?

Inflammatory mediator release phase Signup and view all the answers

Match to the following sequence of events for the cellular response

Chemotaxis = Leukocytes migrate in response to a chemical signal Rolling = Leukocytes slow down and increase their expression of adhesion molecules Migration = Migrate into the tissues Phagocytosis = Neutrophils and macrophages engulf & degrade the bacteria & cellular debris Signup and view all the answers

What four cells are the first cells to arrive at the site of infection of the innate immunity during leukocyte trafficking ?

Granulocytes, neutrophils, macrophages and natural killer cells Signup and view all the answers

Cells of a given tissue are held together by _________

Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Signup and view all the answers

During infammation, cause changes in adhesion molecules on the cells and leukocytes

During inflammation, cytokines cause changes in adhesion molecules on the endothelial cells and leukocytes Signup and view all the answers

In order for the cells of the immune system to participate in the inflammatory response, they need to use ___ to migrate to tissues where inflammation takes place

In order for the cells of the immune system to participate in the inflammatory response, they need to use CAM to migrate to tissues where inflammation takes place Signup and view all the answers

CAMs are only expressed on endothelium

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of Cell Adhesion Molecules?

Selectins, Mucins, Integrins and Ig superfamily Signup and view all the answers