Untitled

• History of Nursing in the World

Intuitive Nursing/Medieval Period

• Took place from prehistoric times up to the early Christian era.
• Nursing was "untaught" and instinctive and belonged to women, and it was without any care giving training.
• Care giving was was based on experience and observation.
• Illness caused by evil spirits invading the victim's body.
• Trephining was performed.

Contributions to Medicine and Nursing

• Babylonians developed the Code of Hammurabi.
• Imhotep was the founder of Egyptian medicine.
• Egyptians introduced the art of embalming.
• Moses was the "Father of Sanitation" in Israel.
• China developed materia medica (pharmacology).
• India practiced an intuitive form of asepsis, medicine, and surgery.
• Ancient Greece introduced the caduceus.
• Rome focused on maintaining vigorous health.

Apprentice Nursing/Middle Ages

• Took place from the founding of religious orders in the 11th century up to 1836.
• Care was provided by crusaders, prisoners, and religious orders, and it was without any formal education.
• Known as the dark period of nursing.
• Pastor Theodore Fliedner and his wife, Frederika, established the Kaiserswerth Institute in Germany for the Training of Deaconesses.
• This was the 1st formal training school for nurses.
• Florence Nightingale trained for 3 months.
• Military religious orders and their works.
• Knights of St. John of Jerusalem (Italian) established to give care.
• St. Vincent de Paul founded "La Charité" and the "Community of Sisters of Charity".
• These groups were composed of women dedicated to caring for the sick, the poor, orphaned, and widowed.
• St. Vincent de Paul founded the "Sisters of Charity School of Nursing" in Paris, France where Florence Nightingale had her 2nd formal education in nursing.
• Alexian Brothers, the largest school under religious auspices exclusively in the US, closed down in 1969.
• Knights of St. Lazarus cared for those who suffered from leprosy, syphilis, and chronic skin diseases.
• Teutonic Knights (German) cared for the injured and established hospitals in military camps.

Important Personalities in the Apprentice Nursing/Middle Ages Period

• St. Clare took vows of poverty, obedience to service, and chastity, and was known as "The Poor Claire".
• St. Elizabeth of Hungary gave care for the sick and fed thousands of hungry people; she is known as the "Patroness of Nursing".
• St. Catherine of Siena, known as "Little Saint" and "1st Lady with a Lamp," took care of the sick as early as 7 years old

Educated Nursing, Nightingale Era

• Took place from the 19th-20th Century
• June 15, 1860 - Florence Nightingale School of Nursing established at St. Thomas Hospital in London.
• Florence Nightingale asked by Sir Sidney Herbert of the British War Department to recruit female nurses to provide care for the sick and injured in the Crimean War.
• Marked the beginning of formal nursing education and nursing service.

Nursing Pioneers

Harriet Tubman

• Born Araminta Ross, c. 1820 – March 10, 1913
• Was an African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union spy during the U.S. Civil War
• Known as "The Moses of Her People."

Sojourner Truth

• 1797 – November 26, 1883
• Was an American abolitionist and women's rights activist.

Mary Breckinridge

• February 17, 1881 – May 19, 1965
• Was an American nurse-midwife and the founder of the Frontier Nursing Service.
• Introduced a model rural health care system into the United States.

Lilian D. Wald

• 1867-1940
• She was a nurse, social worker, public health official, teacher, author, editor, publisher, women's rights activist, and the founder of American Community Nursing.
• Provided nursing care to the indigent and was the first community health nurse.
• Supported education for the mentally challenged.

Florence Nightingale Facts

• Mother of modern nursing
• Lady with the lamp
• Born May 12, 1800, in Florence, Italy
• Raised in England in an atmosphere of culture and affluence
• Self-appointed goal was to change the profile of nursing
• Led nurses that took care of the wounded during the Crimean War.
• Believed in a holistic framework inclusive of illness and health.
• Advocated for a need for a theoretical basis and a liberal education as a foundation for nursing practice.
• Advocated for the body of nursing knowledge to be distinct from medical knowledge
• Having a systematic method of assessing patients
• Maintaining confidentiality.
• Individualized care should be given on the basis of patient needs and preferences.
• Nurses should be formally educated and should function as a client advocate.

Florence Nightingale's Environmental Factors Affecting Health

• Cleanliness
• Light (especially direct sunlight)
• Pure or fresh air
• Pure water
• Efficient drainage
• Sufficient food supplies
• Any deficiency in one or more of these factors could lead to impaired functioning of life processes or diminished health status.
• Adequate ventilation has also been regarded as a factor contributing to changes of the patient's process of illness recovery.

Contemporary Nursing Period

• 20th Century
• Covers the period after World War II to the present.
• The licensure of nurses has started.
• Specialization of hospitals and diagnoses.
• Training of nurses in diploma programs.
• It saw the development of baccalaureate and advanced degree programs.
• Health is perceived as a fundamental human right.
• Scientific and technological development as well as social changes mark this period.
• Nursing involvement in community health.
• Characterized by technological advances in disposable supplies and equipment.
• Expanded Roles of Nurses has developed.
• The WHO was established by the United Nations.
• Aerospace Nursing has developed.
• It saw the use of atomic energies for medical diagnosis and treatment.
• Computers were utilized for data collection, teaching, diagnosis, inventory, payrolls, record keeping, and billing
• It saw the use of sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and therapy.

History of Nursing in the Philippines: Early Beliefs, Practices, and Care of the Sick

• Diseases, their causes and treatment were associated with mysticism and superstitions.
• The cause of disease was believed to be from another person (an enemy or witch) or evil spirits
• Difficult childbirth, were attributed to "nonos", people suffering from diseases without any identified cause were believed bewitched by "mangkukulam".
• Belief in special Gods of Healing: Priest-Physician ("word doctors"), Herbolarios/Herb doctors.

The Earliest Hospitals Established in the Philippines

Hospital Real de Manila (1577)

• Established mainly to care for the Spanish King’s soldiers but also admitted Spanish civilians.
• Founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande.

San Lazaro Hospital (1578)

• Built exclusively for patients with leprosy.
• Founded by Brother Juan Clemente
• The Americans ran the hospital in 1898 as a contagious disease hospital, after 320 years of Spanish governance.
• Only inl 1918 Filipinos started operating the hospital.
• From 1930-1931, insane patients were transferred to the National Mental Hospital (National Center for Mental Health).
• In 1949, patients with leprosy were located to Tala Leprosarium, now Jose N. Rodriguez Memorial Hospital.

Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing

• (Iloilo City, 1906)
• Ran by the Baptist Foreign Mission Society of America.
• Miss Flora Ernst, an American nurse, took charge of the school in 1942.
• In 1909, graduated the 1st trained nurses in the Philippines with no standard requirements for admission except their "willingness to work".
• April 1946 - a board exam was held outside of Manila at the request of Ms. Loreto Tupas, principal of the school.

St. Paul's Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)

• The hospital was established by The Archbishop of Manila, The Most Reverend Jeremiah Harty, under the supervision of the Sisters of St. Paul de Chartres.
• Located in Intramuros and it provided general hospital services.

Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (1907)

• In 1907, with the support of the Governor General Forbes, the Director of Health, and among others.
• Anastasia Giron-Tupas, the first Filipino to occupy the position of Chief Nurse and Superintendent in the Philippines, succeeded her.

St. Luke's Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon City, 1907)

• The Hospital is an Episcopalian Institution.
• The school began as a small dispensary in 1903
• In 1907, the school opened, admitting three Filipina girls.
• Mrs. Vitiliana Beltran was the first Filipino superintendent of nurses.

Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)

• Initially a small dispensary on Calle Cervantes(now Avenida)
• Called Bethany Dispensary and founded by the Methodist Mission
• Miss Librada Javelera was the first Filipino director of the school.

Southern Island Hospital School of Nursing (Cebu, 1918)

• The hospital was established under the Bureau of Health with Anastacia Giron-Tupas as the organizer.

First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines

• University of Santo Tomas College of Nursing (1877)
• Manila Central University College of Nursing (1947)
• University of the Philippines College of Nursing (1948): 1st BSN Program
• Far Eastern University Institute of Nursing (1955)
• University of the East College of Nursing (1958)

Nursing Leaders in the Philippines

• Anastacia Giron-Tupas was the first Filipino nurse to hold the position of Chief Nurse Superintendent and Founder of PNA (Philippine Nursing Association).
• Cesaria Tan was the first Filipino to receive a master's degree abroad.
• Socorro Sirilan pioneered in Hospital Social Service in San Lazaro Hospital where she was the Chief Nurse.
• Rosa Militar pioneered in School Health Education.
• Sor Ricarda Mendoza pioneered in Nursing Education.
• Socorro Diaz was the first editor of the PNA magazine called "The Message."
• Conchita Ruiz was the first full-time editor of the PNA magazine called "The Filipino Nurse."
• Loreta Tupaz, Dean of Philippine Nursing, was regarded as Florence Nightingale of Iloilo.

Years to Remember

• 1909: 3 females graduated as "qualified medical-surgical nurses".
• 1920: 1st board examination for nurses conducted by the Board of Examiners; 93 candidates took the exam, 68 passed with the highest rating of 93.5% - Anna Dahlgren.
• Theoretical Exam was held at the UP Amphitheater of the College of Medicine and Surgery; Practical Exam at the PGH Library.
• 1921: Filipino Nurses Association established (now PNA) as the national organization of Filipino nurses: 1st President - Rosario Delgado
• 1919: The 1st Nurses Law (Act#2808) was enacted regulating the practice of the nursing profession in the Philippines Islands.
• Provided the holding of exam for the practice of nursing on the 2nd Monday of June and December of each year.
• 1953: Republic Act 877, known as the "Nursing Practice Law," was approved.
• St. Dominic College of Arts and Sciences (2003)
• St. Dominic College of Asia (2009)