ITC04 Data Structures & Algorithms Exam Review

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a linear data structure?

Stack (correct)

HashMap

Tree

Graph

What is the time complexity of accessing an element in an array by its index?

O(n)

O(log n)

O(n^2)

O(1) (correct)

In a queue, how is the order of elements processed?

Last-In-First-Out (LIFO)

First-In-First-Out (FIFO) (correct)

Random order

None of the above

Which of the following data structures allows insertion and deletion at both ends?

Deque Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between an ArrayList and a LinkedList in Java?

ArrayList uses dynamic arrays, LinkedList uses doubly linked nodes Signup and view all the answers

Which primitive data type has a precision of approximately 15 decimal digits?

double Signup and view all the answers

How many bits does the short primitive data type occupy in Java?

16 Signup and view all the answers

Which primitive data type has a range of -2^15 to 2^15-1 in Java?

short Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main purposes of using data structures in algorithms?

To organize and manage data for efficient processing Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to choose the correct data structure for a program?

It ensures better time and space efficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following problems can be efficiently solved using a data structure?

Sorting large datasets Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario are queues and stacks particularly useful?

To manage tasks in a controlled order (FIFO, LIFO) Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do trees provide in data structures?

Hierarchical organization and efficient searching Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between time complexity and space complexity?

Time complexity measures execution time, space complexity measures memory usage. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about greedy algorithms is accurate?

They can provide optimal solutions but are not guaranteed. Signup and view all the answers

How does the time complexity O(n²) compare to O(n log n) for large input sizes?

O(n log n) is more efficient than O(n²). Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following data structures is used to implement a priority queue?

Binary Heap Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is space complexity more critical than time complexity?

In environments with limited memory resources. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic does the O(1) time complexity indicate about an algorithm?

The algorithm runs in a fixed amount of time, regardless of input size. Signup and view all the answers

What is the worst-case time complexity of Quick Sort?

O(n²) Signup and view all the answers

Which data structure is used when elements need to be added and removed only from one end?

Stack Signup and view all the answers

What type of algorithm is characterized by solving problems with smaller instances of the same problem?

Recursive algorithms Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about algorithms with exponential time complexity is true?

They are often impractical for large inputs. Signup and view all the answers

Which data structure is specifically designed to allow insertion and deletion operations at both ends?

Deque Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an ArrayList from a LinkedList in Java?

ArrayList uses dynamic arrays, LinkedList uses doubly linked nodes. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the primitive data type in Java that has a precise representation allowing for approximately 15 decimal digits.

double Signup and view all the answers

In Java, which primitive type occupies 16 bits of memory?

short Signup and view all the answers

Which primitive data type in Java encompasses a numerical range of -2^31 to 2^31-1?

int Signup and view all the answers

What is the size in bytes of the long primitive data type in Java?

8 Signup and view all the answers

Among the listed primitive types, which one is the smallest in terms of storage size?

byte Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a key characteristic of arrays?

Fixed size defined at declaration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary nature of the stack data structure?

Last-In-First-Out method. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to a doubly linked list?

Each node links to both its previous and next nodes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Java keyword for representing a true/false value?

boolean Signup and view all the answers

Which Java class is specifically used for high-precision arithmetic with decimal numbers?

BigDecimal Signup and view all the answers

What is the data type used in Java to represent a single 16-bit Unicode character?

char Signup and view all the answers

In Java, which memory area is designated for storing method calls and local variables?

Stack Signup and view all the answers

Identify the main goal of using the BigInteger class in Java.

To exceed primitive types' ranges for integer values Signup and view all the answers

What type of variable storage is used for static variables and constants in Java?

Method Area Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the Java memory area where dynamic memory allocation occurs for objects?

Heap Signup and view all the answers

Identify the Java keyword used to represent a 32-bit floating-point number.

float Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of using the byte[] data type in Java?

To represent binary data Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Data Structures and Algorithms Overview

Linear data structures include Stack and Queue, while non-linear structures include Tree and Graph.
Accessing an element in an array by index has a time complexity of O(1), indicating direct retrieval.
Queue processes elements in a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) manner.

Types of Data Structures

Deque allows insertion and deletion from both ends, unlike Stack (LIFO) and Queue (FIFO).
ArrayList uses dynamic arrays, whereas LinkedList employs doubly linked nodes for storage.
Primitive data types in Java:
- double has a precision of approximately 15 decimal digits.
- short occupies 16 bits.
- int has a range of -2^31 to 2^31-1.
- long uses 8 bytes of storage.

Algorithm Complexity Insights

Time complexity reflects the execution duration of an algorithm as the input size increases.
Space complexity measures the memory required by an algorithm.
Constant time complexity (O(1)) is faster and more desirable than linear (O(n)) or quadratic (O(n²)) complexities.
Some algorithms, like Merge Sort and Quick Sort, possess different worst-case time complexities, emphasizing the need for efficient sorting techniques.

Characteristics of Data Structures

Arrays have a fixed size and can store duplicate keys; they optimize direct access through indexing.
Stacks and Queues have distinct operational features, with stacks following LIFO and queues adhering to FIFO principles.
Non-duplicating data structures:
- HashSet does not allow duplicate elements, unlike regular arrays or linked lists.

Data Representation in Java

Common classes and types:
- char represents a single 16-bit Unicode character.
- float reflects a 32-bit floating-point number.
- BigInteger accommodates large integers, while BigDecimal is utilized for high-precision decimal arithmetic.

Memory Representation

Java objects are stored in the Heap, while method calls and local variables reside on the Stack.
Static variables and constants are kept in the Method Area, and the String Pool manages string literals.

Goals and Benefits of Data Structures

Efficiently organize and retrieve data, critical for large applications to maintain performance.
Facilitate algorithms' design by providing frameworks to tackle complex problems.
Data structures like trees enable hierarchical relationships which improve data organization.

True or False Statements About Algorithms

An algorithm should produce correct outputs for all valid inputs.
Each algorithm has a finite number of steps and can be implemented in any programming language.

Summary of Key Points

Efficient data structures and algorithms optimize performance in programming.
Understanding time and space complexities is essential for algorithm evaluation.
Java provides various data types and structures essential for effective data management.
Familiarity with memory representation in Java aids in resource management during application development.

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Description

Prepare for your prelim exam in ITC04 on Data Structures and Algorithms with this multiple-choice quiz. Test your knowledge on linear data structures and time complexities, among other key concepts. Boost your understanding and confidence before the exam.