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Questions and Answers

Which type of isomerism involves different arrangements of the same bonds around the central metal atom?

  • Optical isomerism
  • Geometric isomerism
  • Structural isomerism
  • Stereoisomerism (correct)

    • What is the primary characteristic of ionisation isomers in coordination compounds?

  • Different spatial arrangements of ligands
  • Different ligands attached to the metal ion
  • Same connectivity but different bonding
  • Different ions formed in solution (correct)

    • In geometric isomerism, which configuration is characterized by two identical ligands being adjacent to each other?

  • Trans configuration
  • Cis configuration (correct)
  • Facial configuration
  • Optical configuration

    • Which type of isomerism occurs due to the spatial arrangement of non-superimposable mirror images?

    <p>Optical isomerism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facial and meridional isomers are types of which isomerism?

    <p>Stereoisomerism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by coordination isomerism in transition metal complexes?

    <p>Different coordination of ligands in complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a trans isomer in coordination compounds?

    <p>Ligands are 180 degrees apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options reflects a misconception about structural isomers?

    <p>They always exhibit different colors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes fac and mer isomerism in octahedral complexes with six ligands?

    <p>Fac isomers have identical ligands adjacent, while mer isomers have them opposite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about optical isomers?

    <p>Optical isomers are non-superimposable mirror images known as enantiomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do geometric isomers, such as cis and trans, differ in coordination complexes?

    <p>Cis isomers have ligands adjacent on the same face, while trans isomers have them on opposite sides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of isomerism allows for different coordination spheres in complexes formed from the same reactants?

    <p>Coordination isomerism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do partially filled d-orbitals play in transition metal compounds' color?

    <p>They absorb visible light, promoting electron transitions to higher energy d-orbitals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes ionisation isomers from other types of isomers in coordination complexes?

    <p>They have the same chemical formula but different ions in solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geometric arrangement describes cis/trans isomers?

    <p>Ligands are adjacent to each other in an octahedral complex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In optical isomerism, what characteristic do the enantiomers possess?

    <p>The ability to rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facial and meridional isomerism occurs in which type of coordination geometry?

    <p>Octahedral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines coordination isomerism in a complex?

    <p>The exchange of ligands between different metal centers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ligands can lead to complex isomerism due to their structural flexibility?

    <p>Ambidentate ligands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding color and magnetism in coordination complexes is accurate?

    <p>Magnetism in complexes arises from unpaired electrons in d-orbitals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which coordination arrangement involves ligands in a total of three positions around a metal center?

    <p>Tridentate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do certain transition metal complexes exhibit different colors?

    <p>Color is influenced by the arrangement of ligands around the metal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately defines meridional isomerism in octahedral complexes?

    <p>Ligands are arranged in a plane through the central metal ion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is linkage isomerism in coordination compounds?

    <p>Isomers formed when a ligand can attach in different ways using multiple donor atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes cis and trans isomers?

    <p>Cis isomers have identical ligands next to one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes optical isomers in coordination complexes?

    <p>They are mirror images that cannot be superimposed onto each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes facial (fac) and meridional (mer) isomerism?

    <p>Fac isomers have identical ligands along one face while mer isomers have them around the meridian.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of coordination isomerism?

    <p>It requires the presence of both a complex cation and an anion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of isomerism occurs when different ligands are bonded to the same metal center in a coordination complex?

    <p>Coordination isomerism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a hydration isomer?

    <p>[CrCl2(OH2)4]Cl▪2H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geometrical arrangement does NOT represent a form of facial or meridional isomerism in coordination complexes?

    <p>Facial isomerism in tetrahedral complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would you encounter ionization isomerism?

    <p>When anionic ligands interchange with counter anions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of geometric isomers, which option represents a correct distinction between cis and trans forms?

    <p>Cis forms have ligands adjacent, while trans forms have them opposite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the cisplatin drug is true?

    <p>Cisplatin targets cancer solubility and is effective for testicular cancers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be said about fac and mer isomers regarding their structure?

    <p>Mer isomers show a bilateral symmetry due to the arrangement of ligands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of isomerism requires the presence of non-superimposable mirror images?

    <p>Optical isomerism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In geometric isomers, which configuration indicates that identical ligands are adjacent?

    <p>Cis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a characteristic feature of optical isomers?

    <p>They rotate plane-polarized light in different directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a linkage isomer from other types of isomers in coordination complexes?

    <p>Variation in the connectivity of ligands to the metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In coordination chemistry, what is primarily involved in structural isomerism?

    <p>The connectivity of atoms within the compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of coordination isomers can typically exist for a metal complex with two different types of ligands?

    <p>Cis- and trans-isomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept relates to the separation of ligands around a metal complex, leading to three-dimensional geometric variations?

    <p>Geometric isomerism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of Crystal Field Theory in relation to transition metal coordination complexes?

    <p>It accounts for the color of compounds based on d-orbital splitting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Isomers in Coordination Chemistry

    • In the early days of coordination chemistry, scientists were puzzled by the existence of compounds with the same formula but different properties.
    • Alfred Werner was one of the first to recognize that these different properties were due to different structural arrangements, or isomers.
    • Werner's work was focused on cobalt and platinum complexes.

    Types of Isomers

    • There are two main types of isomerism in coordination compounds: structural isomers and stereoisomers.
      • Structural Isomers have different bonds between the central metal atom and the ligands.
      • Stereoisomers have the same bonds between the metal and the ligands, but the ligands are arranged differently in space around the metal ion.

    Structural Isomerism

    • Linkage Isomerism:

      • A single ligand has two or more donor atoms and can attach to the metal in more than one way.
      • Example: The thiocyanate ion (SCN-) can bind to a metal through either the sulfur (S) or nitrogen (N) atom.

    • Hydration Isomers:

      • Involve the exchange of ligands in the coordination complex with counter-ions and water molecules.
      • Water can swap places with a ligand in the complex.
      • Example: [CrCl2(OH2)4]Cl▪2H2O and [CrCl(OH2)5]Cl2▪H2O.

    • Ionization Isomers:

      • Occur when anionic ligands exchange places with counter anions.
      • Example: [PtCl2(NH3)4]I2 and [PtI2(NH3)4]Cl2.

    • Coordination Isomerism:

      • Happens when both a complex cation and anion are present.
      • This allows for multiple combinations of ligands coordinated to the two metal centers.
      • Example: [Co(bpy)3][Fe(CN)6] and [Co(bpy)2(CN)2][Fe(bpy)(CN)4]

    Stereoisomerism

    • Geometric Isomers:

      • Similar to cis/trans isomerism in organic chemistry.
      • Cis-isomers: The identical ligands are next to each other.
      • Trans-isomers: The identical ligands are on opposite sides of the metal center.
      • Example: The anticancer drug cisplatin (cis-[PtCl2(NH3)2]) is effective because of its cis geometry. Trans-[PtCl2(NH3)2] is not active.

    • Fac/Mer Isomerism:

      • Occurs in octahedral complexes with three ligands of one type and three of another.
      • Facial (fac) isomers: The identical ligands are all adjacent to each other, occupying a face of the octahedron.
      • Meridional (mer) isomers: The identical ligands lie around a meridian of the complex, with two ligands on opposite sides and one adjacent to the other two.

    • Optical Isomerism:

      • Occurs when a complex is chiral, meaning it has a non-superimposable mirror image.
      • Most commonly seen when there is more than one bidentate ligand in the complex.
      • Similar to optical isomerism in organic chemistry.

    Crystal Field Theory

    • Crystal Field Theory helps to explain the bonding, color, and magnetic properties of transition metal complexes.
    • It focuses on the interactions between the metal d-orbitals and the ligands surrounding the metal ion.
    • The ligands create an electrostatic field that splits the five d-orbitals into two energy levels:
      • eg: Higher energy orbitals (dz2 and dx2-y2)
      • t2g: Lower energy orbitals (dxy, dxz, and dyz)
    • The energy difference between the eg and t2g levels is called Δoct (or Δo) and depends on the nature of the ligands and the metal ion.
    • This splitting of d-orbitals can lead to the absorption of visible light, resulting in the color of the complex.
    • The number of unpaired electrons in the d-orbitals determines the magnetic properties of the complex.
    • If there are unpaired electrons, the complex will be paramagnetic and attracted to a magnetic field.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of isomers in coordination chemistry, focusing on structural and stereoisomers. Dive into the groundbreaking work of Alfred Werner and understand how different arrangements of ligands around metal ions lead to varying properties. Test your knowledge on linkage isomerism and more.

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