IoT Communication Architecture

IoT Communication

• IoT Communication involves various architectures, including Endpoint, Infrastructure, Internet Infrastructure, Cloud, and Client.

IoT Architecture

• Endpoint Architecture consists of Nodes, Sensors, Actuators, and Aggregators.
• Infrastructure Architecture consists of Routers and Gateways.
• Internet Infrastructure includes LAN and Edge Router.
• Cloud Architecture includes Analysis, Storage, Management, and Provisioning.
• Client Architecture involves End-user applications.

IoT Communication Technologies

• Bluetooth is a wireless personal area network (PAN) technology.
• ZigBee is a low-power, low-cost, and low-bandwidth technology.
• Z-Wave is a low-energy, mesh network technology suitable for control and sensor applications.
• NFC (Near Field Communication) is a short-range, high-frequency technology used for data exchange.
• RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a technology used for automatic object identification and tracking.
• WiFi is a wireless networking technology used for Internet Infrastructure.
• Cellular Network is a wireless network used for wide-range communication.
• LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) is a technology used for low-power, wide-area communication.
• NB-IoT (Narrowband Internet of Things) is a LPWAN technology used for low-power, wide-area communication.
• LoRa (Long Range) is a LPWAN technology used for low-power, wide-area communication.
• SigFox is a LPWAN technology used for low-power, wide-area communication.

NB-IoT

• NB-IoT uses OFDM modulation for downlink communication and SC-FDMA for uplink communication.
• NB-IoT has a single narrowband up to 200 kHz.
• NB-IoT is suitable for indoor coverage, low cost, and extended battery life.
• NB-IoT has challenges such as device mobility, data transmission, and roaming.

LoRa

• LoRa is a low-power, wide-area technology with a range of 2-5 km in dense urban and 15 km in suburban areas.
• LoRa has bi-directional communication, end-to-end security, mobility, and localization services.
• LoRa has a rate of 0.3Kbit/s to 50Kbit/s per channel.

SigFox

• SigFox is a low-power, wide-area technology with a range of 30-50 km in rural and 3-10 km in urban areas.
• SigFox has a rate of 10-1000 bps.
• SigFox has a bandwidth of 200 kHz.

WiFi

• WiFi has two modes: Infrastructure NW Mode and Ad-hoc Mode.
• Infrastructure NW Mode has a single hop, no direct connection, and only AP.
• Ad-hoc Mode has no AP, direct connection, and multi-hop.

PAN

• PAN includes ZigBee, Bluetooth, RFID, and NFC.
• PAN is used for personal area networking.

Z-Wave

• Z-Wave is a low-energy, mesh network technology suitable for control and sensor applications.
• Z-Wave has a data rate of up to 100 kbit/s.
• Z-Wave has a range of 200 meters line of sight outdoors and 50 meters line of sight indoors.

ZigBee

• ZigBee is a low-power, low-cost, and low-bandwidth technology.
• ZigBee has a rate of 250 kb/s - 2.4 GHz and 20-40 kb/s - 868/915 MHz.
• ZigBee has a range of 10-20 meters.
• ZigBee is used for industrial sector and mesh network.

Bluetooth

• Bluetooth is a wireless personal area network (PAN) technology.
• Bluetooth has a range of 10 meters.
• Bluetooth has a rate of 2 Mb/s.
• Bluetooth has a frequency of 2.4 GHz.

NFC

• NFC is a short-range, high-frequency technology used for data exchange.
• NFC has a range of 4 cm.
• NFC has a data rate of 106-848 kbit/s.
• NFC has a frequency of 13.56 MHz.

RFID

• RFID is a technology used for automatic object identification and tracking.
• RFID uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects.
• RFID has an active initiator device and a passive target device.
• RFID has a reader and a tag.

PLC

• PLC is a technology used for carrying data on a conductor that is also used simultaneously for AC.
• PLC is used for indoor PLC.