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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an example of a strong acid?
Which of the following is an example of a strong acid?
What is the characteristic of weak acids?
What is the characteristic of weak acids?
Which of the following represents a strong base?
Which of the following represents a strong base?
How is the dissociation constant of a weak acid represented?
How is the dissociation constant of a weak acid represented?
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What is meant by the degree of dissociation (α) of an acid?
What is meant by the degree of dissociation (α) of an acid?
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What is ionic equilibrium?
What is ionic equilibrium?
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Which of the following is an example of a strong electrolyte?
Which of the following is an example of a strong electrolyte?
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What is the degree of dissociation represented by?
What is the degree of dissociation represented by?
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What happens to blue litmus paper when it comes into contact with an acid?
What happens to blue litmus paper when it comes into contact with an acid?
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Which component is involved in the equilibrium of weak electrolytes?
Which component is involved in the equilibrium of weak electrolytes?
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How is percent dissociation calculated?
How is percent dissociation calculated?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of bases?
Which of the following is a characteristic of bases?
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What indicates a weak electrolyte in an aqueous solution?
What indicates a weak electrolyte in an aqueous solution?
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What does the base dissociation constant, Kb, measure?
What does the base dissociation constant, Kb, measure?
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In the equilibrium expression for Kb, which components are used?
In the equilibrium expression for Kb, which components are used?
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What is the primary assumption made when using the Ostwald's dilution law for weak bases?
What is the primary assumption made when using the Ostwald's dilution law for weak bases?
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What is the relationship between Kw and Kb in the context of water dissociation?
What is the relationship between Kw and Kb in the context of water dissociation?
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What does the equilibrium expression for the autoionization of water represent?
What does the equilibrium expression for the autoionization of water represent?
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Which expression correctly defines the ionic product of water, Kw?
Which expression correctly defines the ionic product of water, Kw?
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If the initial concentration of a weak base is represented by 'C', how is 'C' expressed in terms of volume?
If the initial concentration of a weak base is represented by 'C', how is 'C' expressed in terms of volume?
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What simplification is commonly applied for weak bases when analyzing their dissociation?
What simplification is commonly applied for weak bases when analyzing their dissociation?
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What does the equilibrium reaction H2O ⇌ H+ + OH- indicate about a salt of a strong acid and strong base?
What does the equilibrium reaction H2O ⇌ H+ + OH- indicate about a salt of a strong acid and strong base?
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What is the main effect of hydrolysis of salts like NH4Cl and CuSO4 in solution?
What is the main effect of hydrolysis of salts like NH4Cl and CuSO4 in solution?
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What results from the hydrolysis of a salt of a weak acid and a strong base, such as H3C-COONa?
What results from the hydrolysis of a salt of a weak acid and a strong base, such as H3C-COONa?
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Which ion in the reaction CuSO4 + H2O facilitates the production of H3O+ ions?
Which ion in the reaction CuSO4 + H2O facilitates the production of H3O+ ions?
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What happens to the solution color when CuSO4 is added to water?
What happens to the solution color when CuSO4 is added to water?
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During the hydrolysis of CuSO4, which of the following is not produced?
During the hydrolysis of CuSO4, which of the following is not produced?
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What is the role of water in the reaction involving a strong acid and weak base salt like CuSO4?
What is the role of water in the reaction involving a strong acid and weak base salt like CuSO4?
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In the reaction of H3C-COONa with water, which ion reacts with H3O+ ions?
In the reaction of H3C-COONa with water, which ion reacts with H3O+ ions?
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What happens when excess OH- ions are produced in a solution of H3C-COONa?
What happens when excess OH- ions are produced in a solution of H3C-COONa?
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In the hydrolysis of a salt of a weak acid and a weak base, what determines if the solution will be acidic, basic, or neutral?
In the hydrolysis of a salt of a weak acid and a weak base, what determines if the solution will be acidic, basic, or neutral?
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Which condition indicates that a solution formed from a salt of a weak acid and a weak base is basic?
Which condition indicates that a solution formed from a salt of a weak acid and a weak base is basic?
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What is the result of the hydrolysis of NH4F, given that Ka > Kb?
What is the result of the hydrolysis of NH4F, given that Ka > Kb?
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What is produced more in the hydrolysis of NH4+ compared to F- ions?
What is produced more in the hydrolysis of NH4+ compared to F- ions?
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Study Notes
Ionic Equilibria
- Ionic equilibrium refers to the balance between ions and unionized molecules in a solution.
- Common examples include the equilibrium of H+ and OH- ions in water, ionization of weak acids and bases, reactions between ions of salts and water, and solid salts with their ions in water.
Types of Electrolytes
- Electrolyte: Substances that produce ions when dissolved in water.
- Strong Electrolytes: Completely ionize in solution (e.g., HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, KOH, NaCl).
- Weak Electrolytes: Partially ionize, establishing equilibrium between ions and nonionized molecules (e.g., acetic acid, HCN, NH4OH).
Degree of Dissociation
- Defined as the fraction of total moles of electrolyte that dissociate into ions at equilibrium, denoted by (α).
- Percent dissociation is calculated as α × 100.
- Equilibrium concentration of ions is represented as (α × c) mol/dm³.
Acids and Bases
- Acids: Substances that turn blue litmus paper red, react with metals to release H2 gas, and have a sour taste (e.g., acetic acid, citric acid).
- Strong Acids: Completely dissociate to produce H+ ions (e.g., HCl, H2SO4, HNO3).
- Weak Acids: Partially dissociate, producing fewer H+ ions (e.g., H3C-COOH, HCOOH, HF).
- Strong Bases: Fully dissociate to produce OH- ions (e.g., NaOH, KOH).
- Weak Bases: Partially dissociate to produce fewer OH- ions (e.g., NH4OH, Fe(OH)3).
Dissociation Constants
- The dissociation constant for weak acids (Ka) and bases (Kb) quantifies equilibrium behavior.
- For weak acids: HA ⇌ H+ + A-, Ka = [H+][A-] / [HA].
- For weak bases: BOH ⇌ B+ + OH-, Kb = [B+][OH-] / [BOH].
- Ostwald’s dilution law relates concentration and dissociation.
Autoionization of Water
- Pure water ionizes minimally: H2O + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + OH-.
- Ion Product of Water (Kw): Kw = [H3O+][OH-], remains constant in pure water at a given temperature.
Hydrolysis Reactions
- Hydrolysis involves the reaction of salts in water, altering acidity or basicity.
- Strong Acid and Strong Base Salts: No hydrolysis occurs; solutions remain neutral (pH = 7).
- Strong Acid and Weak Base Salts: Solutions are acidic due to the production of H3O+ ions.
- Weak Acid and Strong Base Salts: Solutions are basic due to the production of OH- ions.
- Weak Acid and Weak Base Salts: Acidity, basicity, or neutrality depends on relative strengths (i.e., dissociation constants) of the involved acid and base.
Hydrolysis Examples
- For salts of strong acids and weak bases (e.g., CuSO4), the solution becomes acidic and may produce a precipitate (e.g., Cu(OH)2).
- For salts of weak acids and strong bases (e.g., H3C-COONa), the solution is basic, producing OH- ions.
- When both a weak acid and weak base are present in a salt, the resulting solution's pH is determined by comparisons of Ka and Kb values.
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Description
Test your knowledge on ionic equilibria, types of electrolytes, and the degree of dissociation. This quiz covers key concepts about strong and weak electrolytes and their behaviors in solution. Understand how acids and bases interact with indicators and the dissolution process.
