Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an example of a strong acid?
What is the characteristic of weak acids?
Which of the following represents a strong base?
How is the dissociation constant of a weak acid represented?
Signup and view all the answers
What is meant by the degree of dissociation (α) of an acid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is ionic equilibrium?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of a strong electrolyte?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the degree of dissociation represented by?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to blue litmus paper when it comes into contact with an acid?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component is involved in the equilibrium of weak electrolytes?
Signup and view all the answers
How is percent dissociation calculated?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of bases?
Signup and view all the answers
What indicates a weak electrolyte in an aqueous solution?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the base dissociation constant, Kb, measure?
Signup and view all the answers
In the equilibrium expression for Kb, which components are used?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary assumption made when using the Ostwald's dilution law for weak bases?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between Kw and Kb in the context of water dissociation?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the equilibrium expression for the autoionization of water represent?
Signup and view all the answers
Which expression correctly defines the ionic product of water, Kw?
Signup and view all the answers
If the initial concentration of a weak base is represented by 'C', how is 'C' expressed in terms of volume?
Signup and view all the answers
What simplification is commonly applied for weak bases when analyzing their dissociation?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the equilibrium reaction H2O ⇌ H+ + OH- indicate about a salt of a strong acid and strong base?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main effect of hydrolysis of salts like NH4Cl and CuSO4 in solution?
Signup and view all the answers
What results from the hydrolysis of a salt of a weak acid and a strong base, such as H3C-COONa?
Signup and view all the answers
Which ion in the reaction CuSO4 + H2O facilitates the production of H3O+ ions?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the solution color when CuSO4 is added to water?
Signup and view all the answers
During the hydrolysis of CuSO4, which of the following is not produced?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of water in the reaction involving a strong acid and weak base salt like CuSO4?
Signup and view all the answers
In the reaction of H3C-COONa with water, which ion reacts with H3O+ ions?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens when excess OH- ions are produced in a solution of H3C-COONa?
Signup and view all the answers
In the hydrolysis of a salt of a weak acid and a weak base, what determines if the solution will be acidic, basic, or neutral?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition indicates that a solution formed from a salt of a weak acid and a weak base is basic?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of the hydrolysis of NH4F, given that Ka > Kb?
Signup and view all the answers
What is produced more in the hydrolysis of NH4+ compared to F- ions?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Ionic Equilibria
- Ionic equilibrium refers to the balance between ions and unionized molecules in a solution.
- Common examples include the equilibrium of H+ and OH- ions in water, ionization of weak acids and bases, reactions between ions of salts and water, and solid salts with their ions in water.
Types of Electrolytes
- Electrolyte: Substances that produce ions when dissolved in water.
- Strong Electrolytes: Completely ionize in solution (e.g., HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, KOH, NaCl).
- Weak Electrolytes: Partially ionize, establishing equilibrium between ions and nonionized molecules (e.g., acetic acid, HCN, NH4OH).
Degree of Dissociation
- Defined as the fraction of total moles of electrolyte that dissociate into ions at equilibrium, denoted by (α).
- Percent dissociation is calculated as α × 100.
- Equilibrium concentration of ions is represented as (α × c) mol/dm³.
Acids and Bases
- Acids: Substances that turn blue litmus paper red, react with metals to release H2 gas, and have a sour taste (e.g., acetic acid, citric acid).
- Strong Acids: Completely dissociate to produce H+ ions (e.g., HCl, H2SO4, HNO3).
- Weak Acids: Partially dissociate, producing fewer H+ ions (e.g., H3C-COOH, HCOOH, HF).
- Strong Bases: Fully dissociate to produce OH- ions (e.g., NaOH, KOH).
- Weak Bases: Partially dissociate to produce fewer OH- ions (e.g., NH4OH, Fe(OH)3).
Dissociation Constants
- The dissociation constant for weak acids (Ka) and bases (Kb) quantifies equilibrium behavior.
- For weak acids: HA ⇌ H+ + A-, Ka = [H+][A-] / [HA].
- For weak bases: BOH ⇌ B+ + OH-, Kb = [B+][OH-] / [BOH].
- Ostwald’s dilution law relates concentration and dissociation.
Autoionization of Water
- Pure water ionizes minimally: H2O + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + OH-.
- Ion Product of Water (Kw): Kw = [H3O+][OH-], remains constant in pure water at a given temperature.
Hydrolysis Reactions
- Hydrolysis involves the reaction of salts in water, altering acidity or basicity.
- Strong Acid and Strong Base Salts: No hydrolysis occurs; solutions remain neutral (pH = 7).
- Strong Acid and Weak Base Salts: Solutions are acidic due to the production of H3O+ ions.
- Weak Acid and Strong Base Salts: Solutions are basic due to the production of OH- ions.
- Weak Acid and Weak Base Salts: Acidity, basicity, or neutrality depends on relative strengths (i.e., dissociation constants) of the involved acid and base.
Hydrolysis Examples
- For salts of strong acids and weak bases (e.g., CuSO4), the solution becomes acidic and may produce a precipitate (e.g., Cu(OH)2).
- For salts of weak acids and strong bases (e.g., H3C-COONa), the solution is basic, producing OH- ions.
- When both a weak acid and weak base are present in a salt, the resulting solution's pH is determined by comparisons of Ka and Kb values.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on ionic equilibria, types of electrolytes, and the degree of dissociation. This quiz covers key concepts about strong and weak electrolytes and their behaviors in solution. Understand how acids and bases interact with indicators and the dissolution process.
