Ionic Equilibria Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What primarily determines a drug's physicochemical properties?

  • The drug's administration route
  • The drug's molecular structure (correct)
  • The drug's distribution in the body
  • The drug's dosage form

    • Why is the ionization of a drug significant?

  • It influences the drug's color
  • It impacts the drug's physical, chemical, and biological performance (correct)
  • It determines the drug's shelf life
  • It affects the drug's taste

    • What process describes a compound dissociating into ions in an aqueous solution?

  • Ionization (correct)
  • Evaporation
  • Saturation
  • Precipitation

    • What does the acronym ADME represent in pharmacology?

    <p>Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of weak electrolytes?

    <p>They ionize partially in solution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes strong electrolytes from weak electrolytes?

    <p>Strong electrolytes ionize completely in solution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes amphiprotic solvents?

    <p>They can either accept or donate protons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Arrhenius's definitions, what do acids yield in water?

    <p>H+ ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conjugate base?

    <p>An ion that remains after an acid donates a proton (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ionization constant (Ka) indicate about a weak acid?

    <p>Its tendency to donate protons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a higher Ka value indicate about an acid?

    <p>The acid is stronger. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what pH is a solution considered neutral?

    <p>pH 7 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for weak acids?

    <p>pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of lower pH on the solubility of weak bases?

    <p>It increases their ionization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pH results from a salt formed from a weak acid and a strong base?

    <p>Alkaline pH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increasing urinary pH affect the excretion of weak acids?

    <p>It increases ionization and enhances excretion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pH + pOH equal?

    <p>14 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ionization regarding drug absorption?

    <p>Unionized drugs are more soluble in aqueous solutions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hydrolysis in relation to salts?

    <p>It is the reaction of salt ions with water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does the pH partition hypothesis emphasize regarding drug absorption?

    <p>The ionization of drugs depending on pH conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ionization and Drug Properties

    • Drug ionization influences absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
    • Most drugs are weak electrolytes, meaning their ionization depends on the environment's pH.
    • Strong electrolytes completely ionize in solution (NaCl, HCl, NaOH).
    • Weak electrolytes partially ionize in solution (aspirin, phenobarbital, sulfadiazine).
    • The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation predicts the ionization state of weak acids and bases based on pKa and pH.

    pH and Ionization

    • pH affects drug ionization and solubility.
    • Ionized drugs are more soluble in aqueous solutions.
    • Unionized drugs are more lipid-soluble, favoring absorption through cell membranes.
    • Weak acids ionize more at higher pH (above their pKa).
    • Weak bases ionize more at lower pH.

    Salts and pH

    • Salts formed from strong acids and weak bases create acidic solutions (e.g., ephedrine HCl).
    • Salts formed from weak acids and strong bases create alkaline solutions.
    • The hydrolysis of salt ions in water can influence the solution's pH.

    Ionization and Drug Absorption

    • The pH partition hypothesis explains that drug absorption depends on ionization and pH gradients in different body compartments.
    • Ionized drugs are poorly absorbed because they are less lipid-soluble.
    • Unionized drugs are more readily absorbed due to their higher lipid solubility.

    Examples

    • Sulfisoxazole is more effective than sulfadiazine for urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to its lower pKa, resulting in more ionization in urine and enhanced excretion.

    Key Concepts

    • Understanding drug ionization and its dependence on pH is crucial for predicting drug behavior in the body.
    • pKa and pH are critical factors influencing drug absorption, distribution, and elimination.
    • The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is a valuable tool for predicting drug ionization.
    • Adjusting urinary pH can impact drug excretion by influencing ionization.

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    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the crucial role of drug ionization in pharmacology, including its impact on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. This quiz covers concepts like pH effects, the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, and the solubility of weak electrolytes. Test your knowledge on how these principles apply to various drugs and their formulations.

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