Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two main types of substances?
What are the two main types of substances?
- Organic and inorganic compounds
- Solvents and solutes
- Strong and weak acids
- Non-electrolytes and electrolytes (correct)
What is an example of a non-electrolyte?
What is an example of a non-electrolyte?
Sugar solution
Which of the following is a strong electrolyte?
Which of the following is a strong electrolyte?
- HCl (correct)
- HCN
- Urea
- Glucose
What does the term 'ionization constant' (K) refer to?
What does the term 'ionization constant' (K) refer to?
Electrolytes do not conduct electricity in molten state.
Electrolytes do not conduct electricity in molten state.
The degree of ionization is denoted by ______.
The degree of ionization is denoted by ______.
What does the Ostwald Dilution Law relate to?
What does the Ostwald Dilution Law relate to?
What is an example of a weak electrolyte?
What is an example of a weak electrolyte?
Ions obey Ohm's law.
Ions obey Ohm's law.
The process of ionization is ______ for weak electrolytes.
The process of ionization is ______ for weak electrolytes.
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Study Notes
Types of Substances
- Substances classified as non-electrolytes do not conduct electricity in molten states or aqueous solutions; examples include sugar, urea, glucose, and glycerine.
- Electrolytes conduct electricity in molten states or aqueous solutions; an example is NaCl.
- In solid form, electrolytes are poor conductors of electricity but become good conductors when molten or dissolved.
Types of Electrolytes
- Strong Electrolytes: Completely ionize in water, allowing high electrical conduction. Examples include strong acids (HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃) and strong bases (KOH, NaOH).
- Weak Electrolytes: Partially ionize in water, resulting in lower electrical conduction. Examples include weak acids (HCN, CH₃COOH, H₃PO₄, H₂CO₃) and weak bases (NH₄OH).
Arrhenius Theory
- Also known as the dissociation or ionic theory, it posits that electrolytes ionize in solvents.
- The ionization process is reversible, with the ionization constant (K) represented by the formula:
- K = [A⁺][B⁻] / [AB]
- The discharge of ions during electrolysis occurs in equivalent amounts, independent of their relative speeds.
Properties and Evidence of Ionic Theory
- Ions affect physical properties like freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure, and vapor pressure.
- X-ray diffraction can confirm the presence of ions in solid electrolytes.
- Ions conform to Ohm’s law, where I (current) = E (voltage) / R (resistance).
- Ionic reactions can be observed, as shown in the reaction: AgNO₃ + NaCl → Ag + Cl⁻ + Na + NO₃⁻.
- The color of solutions, such as CuSO₄ appearing blue, is due to the presence of specific ions like Cu²⁺.
Degree of Ionization
- Represented by α, it defines how well an electrolyte ionizes in a solvent.
- α = Number of molecules dissociated / Total number of molecules.
- Degree of ionization depends on:
- Nature of solute and solvent; weak electrolytes have lower α than strong electrolytes.
- Dielectric constant of the solvent, which is directly proportional to ionization.
- Dilution; weak electrolyte degree of dissociation increases with dilution, reaching maximum at infinite dilution (α = 1).
- Concentration and temperature also affect α.
Ostwald Dilution Law
- This law describes the mass action principle for dilute solutions and weak electrolytes, relating to their dissociation behavior.
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