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Questions and Answers
Epithelial tissue has blood vessels within its structure.
False
The apical surface of epithelial cells is always exposed to a body surface or cavity.
True
Monolayers of epithelial cells are considered more structurally complex than stratified layers.
False
Epithelial cells are primarily responsible for protecting, secreting, absorbing, and excreting substances.
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Keratinised epithelial cells are moist and alive.
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Homeostasis is a minor principle in the study of physiology.
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The basement membrane connects epithelial cells to the underlying connective tissue.
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Sweat glands are an example of exocrine glands found in epithelial tissue.
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Epithelial tissue has a high regeneration rate due to its exposure to harsh environments.
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Exocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood.
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The primary role of epithelial cells in the lungs is to absorb nutrients.
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The pancreas functions solely as an endocrine gland.
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Body water makes up about 55-60% of a 70 kg human's body mass.
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Sweat glands are classified as endocrine glands.
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A primary function of epithelial tissue is to facilitate gas exchange in the lungs.
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The kidneys secrete renin, classifying them as exocrine glands.
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Drinking salty popcorn promotes dehydration due to increased thirst.
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Homeostasis primarily refers to the body’s mechanism of water transport.
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The concept of water balance is essential for maintaining physiological functions.
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The total body water of a 70 kg human is equivalent to 74 pints.
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Water can freely cross a lipid bilayer without assistance.
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Water is absorbed in the gut after drinking.
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The kidneys are responsible for the secretion and evaporation of water through the skin.
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Diarrhea can lead to a lack of water absorption in the gut.
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A 70 kg human has a total body water content of 52 L.
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The filtration of blood in the kidneys involves glomerulus cells leaving gaps for different substances.
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The total intracellular fluid in a human body is 28 L, which constitutes 67% of total body water.
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The main role of the kidneys is to reabsorb all water and solutes from the bloodstream.
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Transport proteins form pores in the membrane to facilitate the movement of water across epithelial cells.
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Extracellular fluid accounts for 33% of all body water, which equals 14 L.
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The secretion of water occurs primarily in the intestines.
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Interstitial fluid is classified as intracellular fluid.
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The reabsorption of water is only relevant to the kidney function.
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The daily water loss from the body due to urine is 1.5 L and is the greatest component of water loss.
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Half of the kidneys' function relates to the filtration of plasma.
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A human can survive almost 17 days without any water intake.
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Plasma constitutes 11 L of the total extracellular fluid in the human body.
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The osmolarity of intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid is different, leading to net water movement.
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Total body water is measured as 28 L of extracellular fluid in a 70 kg human.
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Daily water intake must match daily water loss to prevent dehydration.
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Study Notes
Introductory Physiology Lectures
- Lectures 1-8 focus on the foundations for understanding systems and integrated physiology.
- The course teaches how the body is organized, basis for understanding system function, and how normal physiological processes relate to disease.
- Lecture 8 focuses specifically on nerve physiology.
Body Water & Epithelial Tissue
- Epithelial Tissue forms boundaries between body compartments, protects, secretes, absorbs, and excretes.
- Epithelial Tissue can be stratified (multiple layers) or monolayers (single layer).
- Epithelial Tissue has an apical surface exposed to external or internal open space and a basolateral surface linked to connective tissue.
- Epithelial Tissue cells are held together by tight junctions.
- Epithelial Tissue can be keratinised (dead/dry) or non-keratinised (alive/moist).
- Glands are formed from Epithelial Tissue and secrete into or out of the body.
- Endocrine glands secrete hormones inside the body.
- Exocrine glands secrete outside the body.
- Body Water makes up 55-60% of a human’s body mass, with 67% residing inside cells (ICF) and 33% outside cells (ECF).
- ICF contains 28 L while ECF contains 14 L.
- ECF is divided into 3 L of plasma and 11 L of interstitial fluid.
- ICF and ECF have different solute concentrations but the same osmolarity, preventing net water movement.
- The daily water balance is about 2.5 L with intake matching loss to avoid dehydration.
- Loss of fluids occurs through the kidneys (urine), lungs (evaporation), skin (sweat), and faeces.
- Water balance is crucial and plays a significant role in maintaining body water at 42 L.
- Water crosses epithelia through filtration in the kidneys and (re)absorption/secretion in other epithelial cells.
- Kidney filtration plays a major role in maintaining water balance.
- Water cannot cross a lipid bilayer; it requires the help of transport proteins forming pores in the membrane.
- Water is absorbed in the gut and reabsorbed in the kidney.
- Water loss occurs through secretion and evaporation in the lungs and skin, secretion and lack of absorption in the gut, and filtration/secretion and lack of reabsorption in the kidney.
- Exercise, external temperature, coffee/alcohol/salt intake and/or disease can affect the rate of water loss.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of systems and integrated physiology through Lectures 1-8. Understand the organization of the body and how physiological processes relate to health and disease, with a specific focus on nerve physiology in Lecture 8.
