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Questions and Answers
Which term describes the qualities, beliefs, and characteristics that distinguish an individual from others?
Which term describes the qualities, beliefs, and characteristics that distinguish an individual from others?
What is the primary focus of the nature vs. nurture debate?
What is the primary focus of the nature vs. nurture debate?
In the context of 'self', what does 'I' represent?
In the context of 'self', what does 'I' represent?
What aspect of self refers to influences from significant people in one's life?
What aspect of self refers to influences from significant people in one's life?
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Which dimension of self involves biological processes of trait inheritance?
Which dimension of self involves biological processes of trait inheritance?
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Which term describes the inclination of a person to construct a specific identity?
Which term describes the inclination of a person to construct a specific identity?
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What did Socrates emphasize with his principle 'Know thyself'?
What did Socrates emphasize with his principle 'Know thyself'?
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Which of the following dimensions of self gives the least influence on a person's being?
Which of the following dimensions of self gives the least influence on a person's being?
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Which philosopher emphasized the dual nature of the self through the concepts of inner and outer selves?
Which philosopher emphasized the dual nature of the self through the concepts of inner and outer selves?
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What is described as a core aspect of the self that is influenced by inner dynamics and the environment?
What is described as a core aspect of the self that is influenced by inner dynamics and the environment?
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According to the content, what is a unique identifying part of every individual?
According to the content, what is a unique identifying part of every individual?
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What do social sciences primarily focus on?
What do social sciences primarily focus on?
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Which philosophical stance did Merleau-Ponty reject?
Which philosophical stance did Merleau-Ponty reject?
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Which scientific field is primarily concerned with understanding the human body and its growth mechanisms?
Which scientific field is primarily concerned with understanding the human body and its growth mechanisms?
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Which of the following best describes the perspective of neurophilosophy?
Which of the following best describes the perspective of neurophilosophy?
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Which term refers to the belief in one's ability to achieve goals?
Which term refers to the belief in one's ability to achieve goals?
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What does maturation refer to?
What does maturation refer to?
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What concept describes the association of neuroscience with ideas such as free will and conscientiousness?
What concept describes the association of neuroscience with ideas such as free will and conscientiousness?
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What does self-awareness primarily describe?
What does self-awareness primarily describe?
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What does the sexual response cycle consist of?
What does the sexual response cycle consist of?
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What does self-construal primarily deal with?
What does self-construal primarily deal with?
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Which social science focuses on the evolution of individuals and their societies?
Which social science focuses on the evolution of individuals and their societies?
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What distinguishes biological sex from gender identity?
What distinguishes biological sex from gender identity?
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Which factor primarily shapes an individual's physical self during development?
Which factor primarily shapes an individual's physical self during development?
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Which aspect is NOT a key focus of sociology?
Which aspect is NOT a key focus of sociology?
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How is self-esteem primarily influenced?
How is self-esteem primarily influenced?
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What does Socrates emphasize as the true self?
What does Socrates emphasize as the true self?
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What philosophical orientation is associated with Socrates?
What philosophical orientation is associated with Socrates?
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Which of the following statements is associated with Socratic philosophy?
Which of the following statements is associated with Socratic philosophy?
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In Plato's philosophy, what does the term 'ontos' refer to?
In Plato's philosophy, what does the term 'ontos' refer to?
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What type of dualism is Descartes best known for?
What type of dualism is Descartes best known for?
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According to Socratic doctrine, what is the relationship between knowledge and virtue?
According to Socratic doctrine, what is the relationship between knowledge and virtue?
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What distinguishes Plato's conceptualization of the self from the physical world?
What distinguishes Plato's conceptualization of the self from the physical world?
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Which philosopher is associated with the theory of personal identity?
Which philosopher is associated with the theory of personal identity?
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Study Notes
Introduction to UTS
- SELF refers to the union of elements, including body, emotions, thoughts, and sensations, which contribute to an individual's individuality and identity.
- "I" represents the actor, while "ME" represents the object of the self.
- MOST PREVALENT ISSUES ON SELF include nature vs. nurture, identity vs. self, and dimensions of self.
Nature vs. Nurture
- Emphasizes how natural processes shape the self.
- It's anchored in biology and genetics, explaining that human traits are inherited.
- It represents the blueprint of the self.
Identity vs. Self
- Identity refers to the qualities, beliefs, and characteristics that differentiate a person or group from others.
- Self encompasses the whole person, including their true nature and personality.
Dimensions of Self
- SOCIAL: This dimension is influenced by significant people in one's life, such as family, peers, and teachers. Personality is defined as an individual's unique patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
- ENVIRONMENTAL: This encompasses natural forces that have a less prominent influence on one's being.
- HEREDITARY: This dimension refers to the biological process of passing traits and characteristics across generations.
- PERSON-VOLITION: This involves an individual's inclination to create and construct a distinctive identity.
What Philosophy Says About The Self
- The self is defined as a unified being associated with consciousness, awareness, and agency.
Socrates and the Self
- "Know thyself" was Socrates' guiding principle, which emphasizes the importance of introspection and self-awareness.
- He believed the real self resided in the psyche (soul) rather than the physical body.
- Socrates championed the importance of the soul and the human ability to think and will.
- Key doctrines of Socrates include knowledge as virtue, Socratic irony, and the art of good living.
- Socrates believed the true self is the immortal soul, separate from the physical body, that continues after death.
Plato and the Self
- Plato, a student of Socrates, further elaborated on Socrates' ideas.
- He introduced the concept of the self as an intellectual entity existing independently from the physical world.
- Plato categorized reality into two realms: ontos (the ideal, permanent, and spiritual) and phenomena (impermanent and a manifestation of the ideal).
Philosophers and Their Philosophies
- Classical Antiquity: Socrates (Idealism), Plato (Dualism and Idealism), Aristotle (Empiricist)
- Middle Ages: St. Augustine (Platonism, Neoplatonism)
- Renaissance: Descartes (Rationalist, Mind-body Dualism), Locke (Empiricist, Theory of Personal Identity), Hume (Empiricist, Skeptical Philosophy), Kant (Rationalist/Empiricist, Metaphysics of the Self)
- Modern Times: Ryle (Empiricist, The Concept of Mind), Churchland (Empiricist, Neurophilosophy), Merleau-Ponty (Existentialism, Empiricist, Phenomenology of Perception)
René Descartes
- Descartes focused on the soul and the body, exploring their relationship.
John Locke
- Locke differentiated between the "man" (biological makeup) and the "person" (self-identity).
Immanuel Kant
- Kant believed the self is transcendental, independent of sensory experience, and linked to a spiritual realm.
- He saw the self composed of the inner and outer self.
Churchland
- Churchland proposed the sense of self originates in the brain itself.
Merleau-Ponty
- Rejected Cartesian mind-body dualism.
- He stressed the intrinsic connection of mind and body.
- He viewed the self as an embodied subjectivity, meaning that all knowledge is rooted in subjective experiences.
What Science Says About the Self
- Science is a systematic investigation of the physical and natural world using observation and experiment.
Scientific Approaches to the Study of Self
- Physical Sciences: focus on the human body, its growth, maturational mechanisms, and environmental influences.
- Social Sciences: examine the influence of institutions, cultures, and interpersonal relationships on the self.
Biological Perspectives
- DNA plays a unique role in defining an individual, as no two individuals share the exact same DNA.
Physical Perspectives
- Consciousness is a core element of the self influenced by internal dynamics and the environment.
Neurophilosophy
- Examines the connection between the brain and the mind.
- It underscores that concepts like free will, common sense, and consciousness must be understood in the context of neuroscience, given the advanced understanding of how the brain influences thought, feeling, and behaviour.
Psychoneuroimmunology
- This field compares the shaping of the self to the functioning of the human immune system.
Natural Science
- Provides valuable insight into the self, particularly in areas like biology, medicine, cognitive neuroscience, and chemistry.
Social Sciences
- Focus on human functioning within a social context. Fields such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, politics, and economics contribute to the understanding of the self.
Psychology
- The study of human behavior.
- Its central concepts include:
- Self-awareness: individuals' understanding of their strengths, weaknesses, potential, and the factors contributing to them.
- Self-construal: This aspect of self can be defined independently or interdependently with others.
- Self-esteem: How we value and perceive ourselves based on our beliefs and opinions.
- Self-efficacy: An individual's confidence in their ability to achieve goals.
- Self-concept: Defines how we look, sound, and behave.
Sociology
- Focuses on the influence of family, crime, religion, poverty, education, and other social institutions on the self.
Anthropology
- Examines the evolution of individuals and societies.
- It investigates the cultural tools passed down through generations, their cultural evolution, evolutionary behavior, and the advancement of cultural practices.
Political Science
- Focuses on individual participation in government and political decision-making.
Economics
- This discipline studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Unlocking the Biological Self
- The biological self encompasses the physical and sexual self.
- Genotype: The information encoded within an individual's genes.
- Phenotype: The physical manifestation of a particular trait.
Maturation
- Refers to the completion of growth for a genetic character in an organism, as well as the development of an individual's inherent traits and potential.
Environmental Conditioning
- These influences shape our physical self and include social networks, societal expectations, and cultural practices.
Family
- Being the first social group, family plays a crucial role in shaping our development.
Achieving Physical Well-being
- Healthy eating, embracing a healthy lifestyle, maintaining proper hygiene, and being confident are all crucial aspects of well-being.
The Sexual Dimension of Self
- Sexual curiosity peaks in adolescents, and sexual activity is influenced by biological and socio-cultural factors.
The Biology of Sex
- The sexual genitalia (penis for males, vagina for females) are the biological features distinguishing males from females at birth.
Sexual Identity and Gender Orientation
- Biological sex is the assigned sex at birth based on physical characteristics.
- Gender is an identity learned and embraced by individuals.
The Consequences of Sexual Self
- Sexual intercourse (copulation) is the reproductive act involving the male organ entering the female reproductive tract.
- Adolescents engaging in sexual intercourse often experience intense sensations during the act.
Four Phases of the Sexual Response Cycle
- The sexual response cycle consists of four distinct phases: Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, and Resolution.
- Excitement: Characterized by an increase in heart rate, blood flow to the genitals, and muscle tension.
- Plateau: This phase builds upon the excitement phase, with increased physiological arousal and muscle tension.
- Orgasm: This is the peak of sexual arousal, marked by intense pleasure and involuntary muscle contractions.
- Resolution: This final phase involves a return to the pre-arousal state, with a decrease in physiological arousal and a feeling of relaxation.
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Description
Explore the concepts of self, identity, and the ongoing debate of nature vs. nurture in this quiz. Delve into the dimensions of self and discover how social influences shape individuality. Test your understanding of these essential psychological themes.
