Psychology of Self and Personal Identity
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Questions and Answers

What can constant comparisons lead to?

  • Unrealistic standards and negative self-perceptions (correct)
  • Positive expectations and self-improvement
  • Subjective interpretations and accurate self-perceptions
  • Realistic standards and positive self-perceptions

    • What is essential for improving self-concept?

  • Constant comparisons
  • Increasing self-awareness (correct)
  • Decreasing self-awareness
  • Self-fulfilling prophecies

    • What do individuals with positive self-esteem expect from others?

  • Indifference
  • Acceptance (correct)
  • Rejection
  • Hostility

    • What is a characteristic of individuals with negative self-esteem?

    <p>They are sensitive to potential negative reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do individuals with positive self-esteem tend to do when challenged?

    <p>They thrive when challenged to meet high standards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can positive expectations lead to?

    <p>Success (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for improving one's self-concept?

    <p>Self-discipline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can self-fulfilling prophecies shape?

    <p>Self-concept (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of social media platforms in relation to personal brands?

    <p>To shape and project personal brands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary influence on perception, according to the text?

    <p>Intrapersonal variables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of past experiences on communication?

    <p>It can either facilitate or hinder message transmission and interpretation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of this book in terms of intrapersonal variables?

    <p>Values, attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and prejudices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of values according to the text?

    <p>Moral and ethical principles that guide our behaviour (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of intrapersonal variables in shaping communication?

    <p>They play a significant role in shaping communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between values and behaviour?

    <p>Values guide our behaviour (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of defence mechanisms on communication?

    <p>They can either facilitate or hinder message transmission and interpretation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dimensions of the self are intertwined and evolving throughout life?

    <p>Physical, emotional, intellectual, and moral (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Goffman, what do individuals perform to shape impressions?

    <p>Roles to shape impressions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial to psychological well-being and career stability?

    <p>Vocational identity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has introduced a new digital divide, impacting individuals' comfort and proficiency with technology?

    <p>The advent of technology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a crucial role in shaping identities?

    <p>Context (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of family environment promotes diverse perspectives and anti-racist worldviews?

    <p>Open-minded (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is deeply intertwined with social categorisation?

    <p>Personal identity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors shape individuals' sense of belonging and uniqueness?

    <p>Genetic and environmental factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of values in our lives?

    <p>To provide a stable framework for ethical decision-making (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do values vary across cultures and time periods?

    <p>Because they reflect diverse needs and evolving social contexts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to internal conflict and confusion in young people?

    <p>Contradictory actions by authority figures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of attitudes?

    <p>They are learned reactions to people or situations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can prompt others to reassess their opinions of us and our values?

    <p>When our behaviour deviates from their expectations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences our attitudes primarily?

    <p>Various social factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do our values influence?

    <p>Our aspirations, choices, and interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can we gain by understanding and acknowledging the role of values in our lives?

    <p>Insight into our motivations, behaviours, and evaluation criteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why we can't take our perceptions for granted?

    <p>Because there are many factors influencing perception (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency to attribute others' behavior to their personalities rather than the situation?

    <p>Fundamental attribution error (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of intrapersonal communication in our relationships?

    <p>It serves as the foundation for our interactions with others and the relationships we form (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shapes our individual growth according to the text?

    <p>Various intrapersonal variables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of understanding the processes involved in intrapersonal communication?

    <p>We can navigate our interactions more skillfully (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency to believe that others think and feel the same way as we do?

    <p>False consensus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency to form an overall impression of someone based on a single trait?

    <p>Halo effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to be aware of perceptual inaccuracies?

    <p>So we can improve our relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Self

    • The self encompasses various dimensions: physical, emotional, intellectual, and moral, which are intertwined and evolve throughout life.
    • Individuals perform roles to shape impressions, leading to a distinction between private and public selves.
    • The self is holistic and dynamic, continually growing and adapting over time.

    Personal Identity

    • The formation of personal identity is deeply intertwined with social categorization, as humans instinctively categorize information from early stages of development.
    • Social identity theory emphasizes individuals' perception of themselves within groups, while identity theory underscores the fulfillment of roles and interactions within those roles.
    • Context plays a crucial role in shaping identities, with various contexts such as school or work defining specific identities like teacher or manager.
    • Vocational identity is integral to psychological well-being and career stability.
    • The influence of groups on identity formation is paramount, with genetic and environmental factors shaping individuals' sense of belonging and uniqueness.

    Self-Concept

    • Self-concept is dynamic, evolving with age and varied social contexts, leading to subjective interpretations and potential inaccuracies.
    • Self-fulfilling prophecies further shape self-concept, as individuals' expectations influence behavior and outcomes, reinforcing existing beliefs about oneself.
    • Increasing self-awareness is essential for improving self-concept, allowing individuals to better understand and evaluate themselves beyond subjective perceptions.

    Characteristics of Communicators with Positive and Negative Self-Esteem

    • Individuals with positive self-esteem tend to have favorable perceptions of others, expecting acceptance and evaluating their own performance positively.
    • Individuals with negative self-esteem often disapprove of others, expecting rejection and evaluating their own performance harshly.

    Intrapersonal Variables

    • Intrapersonal variables play a significant role in influencing communication, encompassing elements such as values, attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and prejudices.
    • Perception, being a personal process, is largely shaped by these factors, highlighting the importance of recognizing and managing biases to ensure an accurate understanding of oneself, others, and events.

    Values

    • Values are the moral and ethical principles that shape our judgments about what is important in life.
    • Values guide our behavior and contribute to our sense of identity, and are often influenced by our parents and other interpersonal relationships.
    • Values serve as enduring standards of right and wrong, deeply impacting our perceptions and interactions, including how we interpret communication from others.

    Attitudes

    • Attitudes are learned reactions to people or situations, characterized by either a positive or negative evaluation.
    • Attitudes influence our behavior and are often observed and expected by others in our relationships.

    Perceptual Inaccuracies

    • Factors influencing perception include:
      • Emotional state
      • Selective perception
      • Fundamental attribution error
      • False consensus
      • False consistency
      • Primacy effect
      • Halo effect
      • Stereotyping

    Conclusion

    • Intrapersonal communication serves as the foundation for our interactions with others and the relationships we form.
    • Understanding the processes involved in intrapersonal communication allows us to communicate more effectively both with ourselves and with others.

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    Description

    Explore the multifaceted nature of the self and how personal identity is shaped by social categorization and other factors.

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