Khan Psychology 211-220 Chapter on Self-Concept and Identity

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Questions and Answers

What is the existential self primarily concerned with?

The perception of one's roles in society

The awareness of being valued by others

The ability to compare oneself with different groups

The understanding of being distinct from others (correct)

Which component of self-concept refers to how much value we place on ourselves?

Self-esteem (correct)

Real self

Self-image

Ideal-self

At what point does a child begin to understand the categorical self?

When they start comparing themselves with peers

Once they recognize their distinct existence (correct)

After realizing they can express emotions

At birth

Which one of the following best defines the social identity component of self-concept?

The roles and groups a person identifies with Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does a child develop trust and comfort through oral stimulation?

Oral stage Signup and view all the answers

According to Carl Rogers, an incongruity arises when:

The ideal self and real self are not aligned Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the anal stage?

Toilet training Signup and view all the answers

What may occur if a child becomes fixated during the anal stage?

Orderliness or messiness Signup and view all the answers

The first categories that babies learn about their categorical self often include:

Age and gender Signup and view all the answers

What complex is associated with the phallic stage for boys?

Oedipus complex Signup and view all the answers

What does personal identity encompass according to social identity theory?

Unique personality traits and characteristics Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about self-concept is TRUE?

Self-concept involves both personal and social identity. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the latent period in Freud's psychosexual stages?

Exploration and social skills development Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of fixation at the phallic stage?

Homosexuality or exhibitionism Signup and view all the answers

Which stage returns the focus of sexuality back to stronger interests in others?

Genital stage Signup and view all the answers

At what age range does the oral stage occur?

0-1 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the key virtue associated with Stage 1 of Erikson's Psychosocial Development?

Hope Signup and view all the answers

What can be a negative outcome if a child's independence is overly criticized during Stage 2?

Low self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary crisis that occurs during Stage 3 of Erikson's stages?

Initiative vs. Guilt Signup and view all the answers

Which age range corresponds to Stage 4 in Erikson's Psychosocial Development?

6-12 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the virtue achieved during Stage 4?

Competence Signup and view all the answers

What may happen if a child does not successfully navigate Stage 2?

Sense of mistrust in relationships Signup and view all the answers

Which acronym corresponds to the positive outcome of Stage 1?

Bun is rusted Signup and view all the answers

What is the crisis faced in Stage 1 of Erikson's Psychosocial Development?

Trust vs. Mistrust Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of early childhood development according to the provided theories?

It is the most crucial period for personality development. Signup and view all the answers

What happens if an individual fails to resolve conflicts at a certain stage in Erikson's theory?

They experience fixation. Signup and view all the answers

How many stages are proposed by Erikson in his psychosocial development theory?

8 stages Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, how do children learn actively?

Through hands-on processes and social interactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Kohlberg's moral development theory?

Moral reasoning and the distinction between right and wrong. Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as 'libido' in Freud's psychosexual development theory?

A natural energy source tied to pleasure and tension. Signup and view all the answers

At what age range does Freud suggest the most critical part of personality development occurs?

0-5 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of having libido energy fixated according to Freud?

It can cause lifelong psychological effects. Signup and view all the answers

What virtue is associated with Stage 5 of development during adolescence?

Fidelity Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential negative outcome if a child experiences restricted initiative?

Feelings of inferiority Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do individuals primarily seek to form intimate relationships?

Stage 6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation Signup and view all the answers

What crisis is experienced in Stage 8 for individuals aged 65 and older?

Integrity vs. Despair Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of unresolved issues in Stage 6?

Isolation and loneliness Signup and view all the answers

In Stage 7, what is the main focus for individuals aged 40-65?

Making families the center of their lives Signup and view all the answers

What role does social interaction play according to Vygotsky's theory?

It mediates the development of cognition Signup and view all the answers

What virtue is focused on in Stage 7, which involves feeling a sense of care for others?

Generativity Signup and view all the answers

What are the four elementary mental functions that babies possess?

Attention, sensation, perception, and memory Signup and view all the answers

What role does a 'tutor' play in a child's development of higher mental functions?

A tutor acts as a model from whom the child learns and internalizes skills. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) represent?

The gap between what a learner cannot do and what they can do with help Signup and view all the answers

How does language contribute to a child's intellectual development?

Language serves as the primary medium for adult-child communication and intellectual adaptation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of private/internal speech in children?

It helps children to plan and strategize, enhancing their development. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes 'higher mental functions'?

Processes such as independent thinking and learning developed through social interactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a more knowledgeable other (MKO) in the learning process?

An MKO assists the learner by sharing knowledge and facilitating growth. Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates the application of the Zone of Proximal Development?

A child struggling with a puzzle until a parent provides guidance. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Self-concept, also known as self-identity, is how someone thinks about, perceives, and evaluates themselves.
Self-concept is derived from self-esteem and self-efficacy.
Self-concept has two parts: an existential self and a categorical self.
The existential self is the most basic part of self-concept, describing the sense of being separate and distinct from others, and the awareness of consistency throughout life.
A child as young as 2–3 months recognizes their distinct existence.
The categorical self develops after the existential self, when a child becomes aware of existing in the world with others, and that objects have properties.
Examples of categories include age and gender.
Later, categories such as skills and size are developed, and individuals begin to compare themselves with others regarding traits and career paths.

Carl Rogers's Theory

Carl Rogers believed self-concept consisted of three components: self-image, self-esteem/self-worth, and ideal-self.
Self-image is how an individual perceives themselves.
Self-esteem/self-worth is how much value a person places on themselves.
Ideal-self is what a person aspires to be.
A positive self-concept results when the ideal self and real self align.
Incongruence between the ideal and real self leads to a negative self-concept.

Social identity theory further develops self-concept.
It has two main parts: personal identity and social identity.
Personal identity includes unique traits like personality characteristics.
Social identity includes the groups a person belongs to in their community.

Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy, and Locus of Control

Self-esteem is the respect and regard one has for oneself.
Self-worth is more fundamental than self-esteem.
Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to succeed in a situation.
Locus of control refers to how much control people perceive they have over events in their lives.
- Internal locus of control: people believe their own actions influence events.
- External locus of control: people attribute events to external factors.

Overview of Theories of Development

Freud's Psychosexual Theory*
Emphasizes early childhood experiences in forming personality.
5 stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) – successful completion leads to a healthy personality.
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory*
Personality develops throughout the lifespan.
8 stages, each characterized by a specific conflict that must be resolved for healthy development.
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory*
Children develop through hands-on learning guided by social interaction and cultural contexts.
The zone of proximal development plays a pivotal role.
Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory*
Moral reasoning develops through different stages.
Three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional.

Fixation

Fixation in a stage can result from unresolved conflicts, causing lifelong challenges.
Libido is the driving force behind development. Psychosexual development depends on the libido, a natural energy source that fuels the mechanisms of the mind. Different parts of the body are the focal point for development at various stages in the lifespan.
Different parts of the body are the focal point at distinctive stages-- oral stage (0-1 years), anal stage (1-3 years), phallic stage (3-6 years), latency stage (6-puberty), and genital stage (puberty-adulthood).

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts related to self-concept and identity, drawing from psychological theories and Freud's stages of development. Test your understanding of existential self, categorical self, and the implications of various psychosocial stages. Perfect for students studying psychology at any level!