Khan Psychology 211-220 Chapter on Self-Concept and Identity

How someone thinks, perceives, and evaluates themselves.

The most basic part of self-concept, the sense of being separate and distinct from others.

The awareness that you exist as a separate entity and have characteristics that define you.

The view we have of ourselves, encompassing our beliefs, values, and perceptions.

The value we place on ourselves, reflecting our sense of worth and self-acceptance.

The aspirational self we strive to be, encompassing our ideals and goals.

The state of a positive self-concept when the ideal self and real self align.

The discrepancy between the ideal self and real self, leading to feelings of dissatisfaction and incongruity.

A period of rapid growth and development in childhood, believed by Freud to be crucial for personality formation.

A theory by Freud suggesting that personality develops through five stages of psychosexual development. Each stage focuses on a different erogenous zone and challenges.

A state of being stuck in a particular stage of psychosexual development, resulting in unhealthy personality traits and behaviors in adulthood.

Natural energy driving the mind's mechanisms, according to Freud. The concept of libido is central to his theory of psychosexual development.

Erikson's theory focusing on the development of personality and identity throughout the lifespan. It emphasizes the importance of overcoming psychosocial conflicts at each stage.

A theory by Vygotsky emphasizing the role of social interaction and cultural influences in children's cognitive development.

A theory by Kohlberg examining the development of moral reasoning, focusing on how individuals differentiate between right and wrong.

A mental process encompassing analyzing a moral dilemma, gathering information, and making a reasoned choice.

The first stage of psychosexual development from birth to 1 year old. Focuses on oral stimulation, including sucking, biting, and tasting. The infant's pleasure and comfort comes from oral gratification, and it lays the foundation for a sense of trust and security.

The second stage of psychosexual development from 1 to 3 years old. Focuses on the anus and the process of toilet training. This stage is crucial for developing control, independence, and a sense of accomplishment.

The third stage of psychosexual development from 3 to 6 years old. Involves the discovery of the genitals and the development of the Oedipus complex for boys and the Electra complex for girls. This involves the child's attraction to the parent of the opposite sex and rivalry towards the same-sex parent.

A period of latency in psychosexual development from around age 6 to puberty. During this stage, sexual urges are dormant, and the child focuses on social development, learning, and forming friendships. It lays the foundation for social skills, communication, and cooperation.

The final stage of psychosexual development, starting at puberty. Marked by the mature development of sexual interests, a focus on romantic relationships, and a reawakening of sexual desires. This stage aims for a healthy balance of sexual and emotional maturity.

The Oedipus Complex refers to a boy's unconscious desire for his mother and rivalry towards his father during the phallic stage. This complex is resolved through identification with the father, developing similar characteristics and taking on a more mature and gender-appropriate role.

The Electra complex is a similar complex to the Oedipus complex but is applied to girls during the phallic stage. The girl develops a sense of competition with her mother for her father's affection and eventually identifies with her mother.

The stage where children try to gain competence and feel industrious or inferior depending on their success. This stage is crucial for developing a sense of self-efficacy.

Erikson's stage describing the adolescent phase where young adults grapple with their identity and try to find their place in society. It is vital for shaping one's sense of self and belonging.

This stage focuses on establishing intimate relationships and finding love. If successful, it leads to connectedness and belonging; if unsuccessful, it can lead to isolation and loneliness.

This stage is when adults begin to feel a sense of purpose and contribute to the world beyond themselves. They find meaning and significance through parenting, work, community involvement, or other activities.

This is the last stage in Erikson's theory where individuals reflect on their lives and accept their accomplishments and failures. If they feel fulfilled with their life, they achieve wisdom. If they feel regret or unfulfilled, they might experience despair.

The sense of belonging and self-awareness that develops during Erikson's Identity vs. Role Confusion stage. It is a crucial milestone for young adults who are transitioning into adulthood.

The overarching principle that guides Erikson's theory, emphasizing the importance of social and cultural influences in human development.

Vygotsky's theory suggests that social interaction plays a vital role in cognitive development. He believed that learning occurs through collaboration and guidance from more knowledgeable others.

The ability to focus on a specific stimulus, ignoring distractions. For babies it's a basic function that can be developed with age.

The ability to receive and process information from the senses, like sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell. It's what babies are learning to understand.

The ability to interpret and make sense of sensory information. It's how we make meaning out of what we see, hear, and touch.

The ability to store and retrieve information learned through experience, a fundamental building block for learning. It's like having a mental library.

More complex mental activities that develop from elementary mental functions, like problem-solving, decision-making, abstract thinking, and planning.

A person with more knowledge and experience than the learner, often a teacher, parent, or mentor. An important guide in developing higher mental functions.

The gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with help from a more knowledgeable other. It's the sweet spot for learning and growth.

A powerful tool for developing thinking and understanding, it's how we communicate and learn from others. It also helps us plan and strategize.

This stage, occurring from ages 0-1, centers on the tension between an infant's trust in caregivers to meet their needs and their potential mistrust due to unmet needs. Developing trust leads to a sense of hope, while mistrust can lead to suspicion and fear.

This stage, occurring from ages 1-3, focuses on the child's developing independence. Parents fostering autonomy lead to a child's sense of will, while excessive control or criticism creates shame and doubt about their abilities.

From ages 3-6, children explore their ability to lead others and initiate activities through play and asking questions. A positive outcome leads to purpose in their choices, while stifled initiative creates guilt for questioning or annoying others.

This stage, from ages 6-12, involves children developing a sense of competence through their work and learning. Positive interaction with teachers and peers leads to industry, while feeling inadequate or unable to keep up leads to inferiority.

These are character strengths that emerge from successfully resolving each stage's crisis. They help the ego to cope with future conflicts and contribute to a healthy sense of self.

Failing to successfully navigate a stage's crisis can limit the individual's growth in future stages and lead to a less healthy sense of self.

This is a key feature of Erikson's theory, representing the conflict between the individuals' needs and desires and those of society at each stage. Successful resolution leads to a balanced and healthy growth.