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Questions and Answers
What are the different levels of identity as mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the mental process of forming social identity?
What is meant by 'working self-concept'?
Which method is NOT used for constructing a coherent self-construct?
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How does self-perception function in the construction of self-concept?
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Which of the following levels of understanding behavior focuses on how individuals influence each other in a group context?
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What does social cognition primarily involve?
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Which concept describes the beliefs we hold about ourselves?
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The process of how our behavior is influenced by the perceived judgment of others is known as what?
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Which of the following is NOT a form of social influence?
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In the context of self knowledge, the 'ideal self' refers to what?
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Which principle suggests that social influence is always present in human interactions, regardless of direct interactions?
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What term is used to describe the ways in which we see ourselves through the perceptions of others?
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What is the primary reason for social influence according to its definition?
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What does the 'S' in the Social Impact Theory (SIN) stand for?
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Which factor does NOT influence obedience according to the Milgram experiment?
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What type of conformity occurs when individuals change their beliefs because they think the group is right?
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In the context of persuasion, which of the following factors relates to the credibility and likeability of the information source?
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Which compliance technique involves making people feel they are receiving something in return?
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What is a factor that can significantly increase conformity in a group setting?
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Which area in the SOKA model represents traits unknown to oneself but known to others?
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What are the two types of self-esteem as described?
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According to sociometer theory, what primarily affects self-esteem?
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What triggers disappointment and self-dislike in an individual?
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What does the self-enhancing triad primarily aim to avoid?
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What are the two types of behaviors an individual may exhibit after realizing self-discrepancy?
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What primarily determines the impact of self-discrepancy on an individual's self-esteem?
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What do differences within a culture suggest about self-perception?
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Which theory posits that our need for self-esteem is a defense against death anxiety?
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What is the concept of social facilitation?
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Which of the following identifies the subconscious influences on attitudes and behaviors?
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What is meant by deindividualization in social psychology?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a component of identity?
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What effect do cognitive biases have on information processing?
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What is naive realism?
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How can one's sense of self influence personal authenticity and meaning?
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What is the result of being unaware of one's cognitive biases?
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Study Notes
What is Social Psychology?
- Social psychology aims to predict and sometimes change human behavior
- Social psychology studies three main social processes: social cognition, social influence, and social interaction
- Social behavior can be explained through four levels: intrapersonal, interpersonal, intragroup, and intergroup
- Social influence is a pervasive force, even when others aren't physically present
- People construct their own realities, influenced by their individual experiences and perspectives
Social Cognition
- Social cognition involves exploring how we think about ourselves, others, and social situations
- Forms of social cognition include self-perception, social perception, and group perception
- Our understanding of ourselves ("Who am I?") is shaped by our understanding of others ("Who are they?")
Social Influence
- Social influence is the process by which our behavior is changed by the implied, imagined, or actual presence of others.
- Forms of social influence include social norms, conformity, obedience, persuasion, and social interaction
The Social Self
- The social self is comprised of the self-concept and self-esteem.
- The self-concept is the sum of beliefs we hold about ourselves
- Self-schemas are organized information and associations we have about ourselves
- Our self-knowledge encompasses the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self
- The "I" represents the active part of the self that reacts and acts
- The "Me" represents the reflective aspect of the self, shaped by how we perceive others' judgments
Forming the Looking-Glass Self
- We form our self-image through a process called the "looking glass self"
- It involves imagining how others perceive us, considering their judgment, and experiencing an emotional response to that perceived judgment
Identity
- Identity refers to the meaning we attach to our sense of self, which is relational
- Multiple levels of identity: human identity, social identity, role identity, and personal identity
- Self-aspects are summaries of our beliefs about ourselves in specific domains, roles, or activities
- The working self-concept is the specific self-concept we activate in a particular situation at a given moment
Constructing the Self-Concept
- The self-concept arises from internal cues (introspection, self-perception, autobiographical memories) and external cues (social comparison, two-factor theory of emotion, socialization, reflected self-appraisal)
- Cultural differences influence the construction of the self-concept.
- Individualistic cultures (Western) focus on an independent view of self.
- Collectivistic cultures (Eastern) emphasize an interdependent view of self.
- Differences within cultures are often more significant than differences between cultures.
Self-Esteem
- Self-esteem is our overall evaluation of ourselves.
- Trait self-esteem is a general sense of self-worth, while state self-esteem fluctuates throughout the day.
- The sociometer theory proposes a basic drive for self-esteem, driven by our need for social acceptance.
- The terror management theory suggests that our need for self-esteem arises from our fear of death.
Self-Discrepancy
- Self-discrepancy occurs when our current self does not align with our ideal self or our ought self.
- Discrepancy between our current self and ideal self leads to disappointment and self-dislike
- Discrepancy between our current self and ought self leads to fear, anxiety, and guilt.
- The impact of self-discrepancy depends on the amount of discrepancy and its importance to us.
- We can either change our behavior to match the standard or withdraw from self-awareness to avoid confronting the discrepancy.
The Self-Enhancing Triad
- The self-enhancing triad represents biases that help us maintain a positive self-view.
- We tend to overestimate our strengths and underestimate our weaknesses.
- We believe we have more control over events than we actually do.
- We are unrealistically optimistic about our futures.
The Need for Self-Esteem
- The need for self-esteem is a complex issue, and there's ongoing debate about whether it's universal.
- The "self-enhancement is a Western phenomenon" perspective contrasts with the "self-enhancement/protection are universal motives" perspective.
Accuracy of Self-Knowledge
- Our self-knowledge is often biased.
- The SOKA model (Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry) highlights the differences in what we know about ourselves compared to what others know.
Social Influence
- Social influence refers to the process by which our attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and behaviors are affected by others.
- We are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others.
- Social influence occurs due to our need for understanding, belonging, and control.
Social Impact Theory
- Social impact theory suggests that social influence is a function of three factors:
- Strength of the source/target (status, expertise, relational)
- Immediacy of the target (the closer, the more powerful)
- Number of sources relative to the target (amount of people on your side)
Interpersonal Influence
- Obedience: A change in behavior due to a direct command from an authority figure.
- Persuasion: Using a message to induce a change in beliefs, attitudes, or behavior.
- Compliance: A change in behavior or attitude in response to a direct request.
Intragroup Influence
- Conformity: Changing behavior, perceptions, or attitudes due to real or imagined group pressure.
- Mere presence: The mere presence of others can affect our behavior, leading to social facilitation (enhanced performance on easy tasks) or social inhibition (impaired performance on difficult tasks).
- Deindividuation: When we are in a group, we can experience a loss of self-awareness, leading to less restraint and more extreme behavior.
Cognitive Biases
- Heuristics are mental models that we develop to describe and predict the world. They can lead to cognitive biases that make it difficult to see the world objectively.
- Implicit bias refers to subconscious attitudes, perceptions, and stereotypes that influence our understanding, actions, and behavior.
- Naive realism is the belief that our perceptions are unbiased, failing to account for the impact of our emotions and past experiences.
- Cognitive biases can lead to misunderstandings, discrimination, and prejudice.
Identity
- Individuals have several components of identity: personal (what makes you unique), relational (roles/positions in relationships), and social (groups we belong to).
- Identity is fluid and interacts differently depending on the situation.
- A coherent identity integrates various aspects of personal, relational, and social identity, aligning our self-perception with our desired perception by others.
- A strong sense of self helps us find meaning in life, be more authentic, and deal with change.
Identity & Biases
- In-group versus out-group dynamics contribute to discrimination, for example, in hiring practices.
- The focus should not be on making people aware of their biases as it often reinforces them.
- Improving self-awareness is crucial to address cognitive biases.
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Description
This quiz explores the key concepts of social psychology, including social cognition, social influence, and social interaction. It delves into how these processes affect human behavior on various levels, from intrapersonal to intergroup. Test your understanding of how our perceptions and social structures shape our actions and beliefs.
