Introduction to Scientific Research Chapter 2 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between belief and science?

Science requires continuous testing against evidence, while belief knows something without needing evidence. (correct)

Science is based on necessary connections, while belief is based on laws and principles.

Belief requires continuous testing against evidence, while science knows something without needing evidence.

Belief is based on empirical observations, while science relies on logic only.

Which of the following components is NOT part of science?

Theories

Evidence

Philosophy (correct)

Induction

What type of data is summarized in written descriptions?

Inductive data

Quantitative data

Empirical data

Qualitative data (correct)

What does logic in science specifically focus on?

Necessary connection or outcome Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes data collected in the form of numbers or categories?

Quantitative data Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of evidence in science?

To avoid faulty information outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypothesis?

A tentative explanation that can be tested empirically Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a theory?

A set of related hypotheses providing a better explanation Signup and view all the answers

What is induction in the context of hypotheses and theories?

Making generalizations from specific data to form hypotheses Signup and view all the answers

What does deduction involve?

Testing hypotheses and theories with empirical evidence Signup and view all the answers

In the context of validity, what does it mean when you 'actually measure what you say you are measuring'?

The concept being measured is accurately captured by the method Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a hypothesis is refuted?

It must be discarded or changed and retested Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between high validity and high reliability in research?

High validity ensures that the results correspond to real properties, while high reliability means the results are consistent upon repetition. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with the scientific method as described in the text?

Reliance on personal bias and subjective belief of the researcher. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for findings to be grounded in objective observation rather than personal bias or subjective belief?

To ensure that research outcomes correspond to real properties and characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

What does the scientific method rely on to document objective data?

Direct observation and systematic methods. Signup and view all the answers

How does high reliability serve as an indicator of measurement validity?

Through the repetition of research leading to consistent findings. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect distinguishes a scientific law from a scientific theory based on the text?

A law summarizes experimental results and observations, while a theory ties together hypotheses and observations. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Differences Between Belief and Science

Belief is based on personal convictions, while science relies on empirical evidence and testable hypotheses.

Components Not Part of Science

Speculation and untested assumptions do not constitute scientific components.

Data Summarization

Qualitative data is summarized in written descriptions, capturing observations without numerical representation.

Logic in Science

Logic in science primarily focuses on formulating valid conclusions based on evidence and reasoning.

Term for Collected Data

Quantitative data describes information collected in the form of numbers or categories.

Purpose of Evidence

The primary purpose of evidence in science is to support or refute hypotheses through empirical data.

Definition of a Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a testable prediction that can be investigated through experimentation or observation.

Description of a Theory

A theory best describes a comprehensive explanation for a set of phenomena that is supported by a significant amount of evidence.

Induction in Hypotheses and Theories

Induction involves deriving general principles from specific observations or instances.

Deduction in Scientific Context

Deduction entails reasoning from general principles to specific predictions or conclusions.

Validity in Measurement

Validity in measurement means successfully assessing the intended concept without external errors or biases.

Consequences of Hypothesis Refutation

When a hypothesis is refuted, it may indicate a need to revise the hypothesis or develop new theories.

High Validity vs. High Reliability

High validity refers to accurate measurement of the concept, while high reliability emphasizes consistent results across repeated measurements.

Characteristics of Scientific Method

Anecdotal evidence and subjective interpretations are NOT associated with the scientific method.

Importance of Objective Observation

Findings grounded in objective observation eliminate personal bias, ensuring that conclusions are reliable and scientifically sound.

Documentation of Objective Data

The scientific method relies on systematic experimentation and observation for documenting objective data.

High Reliability and Measurement Validity

High reliability indicates consistent results, which can enhance confidence in the validity of the measurements utilized.

Distinction Between Scientific Law and Theory

A scientific law describes consistent observable phenomena, while a theory provides explanations for those phenomena based on evidence.

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Description

Test your knowledge on defining science, comparing science and belief, identifying steps of the scientific method, and listing properties of scientific method according to 'Introduction to Scientific Research' by Prof. Dr. Soheir Samaan.