Introduction to Science and Its Branches

Natural Sciences
- Study of natural phenomena.
- Examples: Physics, Chemistry, Biology.
Formal Sciences
- Study of abstract concepts and structures.
- Examples: Mathematics, Logic, Statistics.
Social Sciences
- Study of human behavior and societies.
- Examples: Psychology, Sociology, Economics.
Applied Sciences
- Practical application of scientific knowledge.
- Examples: Engineering, Medicine, Technology.

Observation
- Gathering information through senses.
Question
- Formulating questions based on observations.
Hypothesis
- Proposing a testable explanation for the observations.
Experimentation
- Designing and conducting experiments to test the hypothesis.
Analysis
- Interpreting data collected from experiments.
Conclusion
- Drawing conclusions based on analysis; supporting or rejecting the hypothesis.
Communication
- Sharing findings with the scientific community.

Theory of Evolution: Explains the diversity of life through natural selection.
Germ Theory: States that many diseases are caused by microorganisms.
Quantum Theory: Describes the behavior of matter and energy at atomic and subatomic levels.
Plate Tectonics: Explains the movement of Earth's plates and the geological processes that result.

Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge through observation, experimentation, and theoretical explanation.

Natural Sciences: Focuses on natural phenomena; includes Physics, Chemistry, and Biology.
Formal Sciences: Investigates abstract concepts and structures; encompasses Mathematics, Logic, and Statistics.
Social Sciences: Examines human behavior and societies; comprises Psychology, Sociology, and Economics.
Applied Sciences: Involves the practical application of scientific knowledge; fields include Engineering, Medicine, and Technology.

Observation: Involves gathering information using senses to perceive phenomena.
Question: Involves formulating questions arising from observations.
Hypothesis: Involves proposing a testable explanation to account for observations.
Experimentation: Entails designing and conducting experiments to evaluate the hypothesis.
Analysis: Involves interpreting the data collected during experiments.
Conclusion: Involves making determinations based on the analysis, either supporting or rejecting the hypothesis.
Communication: Centers on sharing findings with the scientific community to foster knowledge exchange.

Theory of Evolution: Explains the diversity of life through the mechanism of natural selection.
Germ Theory: Proposes that microorganisms are responsible for many diseases.
Quantum Theory: Describes how matter and energy behave at atomic and subatomic scales.
Plate Tectonics: Explains the movement and interaction of Earth's plates, influencing geological processes.

Emphasizes the importance of responsible and ethical conduct in research practices.
Considers the societal and environmental implications of scientific discoveries.
Highlights the necessity of peer review and reproducibility to maintain scientific integrity.

Melting is the process of solid to liquid transition due to increased temperature or pressure.

Melting point is the specific temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid, varying for different substances.
Melting is a phase change from solid to liquid.
Melting is an endothermic process, absorbing heat from the surroundings.

Temperature must reach the melting point for the process to occur.
Higher pressure can lower the melting point of some substances, such as ice.
Pure substances have a sharp melting point, while mixtures often have a range of melting points.

Freezing is the reverse process of melting, where a liquid turns into a solid.
Sublimation is the transition from solid to gas without becoming liquid, as seen in dry ice.

Thermal behavior involves observing temperature changes during melting.
Physical changes occur during melting, including changes in structure and appearance from solid to liquid.

Melting is a fundamental physical process with significant implications in science, industry, and daily life.
Understanding melting principles is crucial in fields such as chemistry, physics, and environmental science.