30 Questions
What is the primary goal of psychologists in understanding human behavior?
To predict future human actions
Which of the following is NOT a psychological approach to understanding human behavior?
Humanistic Theory
Who is associated with the development of Cognitive Theory?
Elizabeth Loftus
What is the primary focus of Personality Psychology?
The characteristics of one's temperament
Who is credited with the development of Psychodynamic Theory?
Sigmund Freud
What is the primary goal of Experimental Psychology?
To control behavior and mental processes through experimentation
According to psychodynamic theories, what is the focus of therapy?
Unlocking the conscious and unconscious feelings of a patient
What is the primary influence on human behavior according to psychoanalytic theory?
Early childhood experiences
Which part of the mind is responsible for balancing the conflicting demands of the id and superego?
Ego
What is the purpose of the free association method in psychoanalysis?
To uncover bad experiences that affect mental health
What is the term for the part of the mind that is driven by the 'reality principle'?
Ego
When does the superego develop according to psychoanalytic theory?
Through socialization
What is the core idea of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis?
Finding the reasons of mental illness by talking about past life and feelings
What is the term for an error in speech, memory, or physical action due to an unconscious mind interference?
Freudian slip
According to Carl Jung, what is the benefit of balancing a person's psyche?
Reaching full potential
What is the primary focus of behavioral psychology?
Observable behavior and phenomena
What is the term for universal symbols that tend to reappear over time?
Archetypes
What is the result of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs' drooling response?
Classical conditioning
What is the term for a stimulus that has no effect on an individual?
Neutral Stimulus
What is the primary focus of humanistic psychology?
An individual's inherent drive to self-actualization
What is the term for the process of a behavior stopping when it is no longer reinforced?
Extinction
What is the name of the device used by B.F. Skinner to study operant conditioning?
Skinner Box
What is the term for a type of learning that involves the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus?
Classical Conditioning
What is the term for the removal of a stimulus or consequence to decrease a behavior?
Negative Reinforcement
What is the primary focus of the psychologist who scientifically studies internal behavior?
Treating people with mental illness and neurotic disorders
What is the main idea behind the 'Lost in the Mall' experiment?
To demonstrate the power of suggestion in creating false memories
What is the significance of the 'Lost in the Mall' experiment in understanding human behavior?
It demonstrates the power of suggestion in creating false memories
What is the purpose of the in-class presentation task?
To research and present assigned topics using online sources
What is the main requirement for the presentation slides in the in-class presentation task?
To be detailed but concise
What is the primary goal of the in-class presentation task in understanding human behavior?
To explain how psychological concepts affect human behavior
Study Notes
Conditioning and Learning
- Neutral Stimulus: Something that has no effect on you
- Conditioned Stimulus: Neutral + Unconditioned Stimulus (e.g. bell in the dog experiment)
- Conditioned Response: The response to the conditioned stimulus after being conditioned
Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner)
- A type of learning that changes human behavior through antecedents and consequences
- Reinforcement (good behavior): receive something positive for doing a good behavior
- Punishment (bad behavior): receive something negative for doing a bad behavior
- Positive (receive something): receive something good or bad for doing a good or bad behavior
- Negative (get something taken away): get something bad taken away from you for doing a good behavior, or get something good taken away from you for doing a bad behavior
- Extinction: when a behavior stops because it is no longer reinforced (e.g. rat stops pressing button when no food is given)
Humanistic Psychology
- Emphasizes an individual's inherent drive to self-actualization (realization of full potential)
- Rejects experiments and prefers qualitative methods such as diary accounts, open-ended questions, interviews, etc.
Psychodynamic Theories
- An approach to therapy that resolves a patient's conscious and unconscious feelings
- Conscious: the part of the mind that is aware of information and can talk about it rationally
- Unconscious: the part of the mind that contains hidden human behavior and relationships, including unresolved or repressed emotions
- Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud): all human behavior is influenced by early childhood experiences
- Id: the totally unconscious, instinctual part of the mind that is pleasure-oriented and selfish
- Ego: the rational part of the mind that balances the conflicting demands of the id and superego
- Superego: the moral center of the mind that develops through socialization
- Free Association: a method used in psychoanalysis where a patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind
Major Perspectives and Theories in Psychology
- Psychodynamic Theory
- Behaviourism
- Cognitive Theory
- Humanistic Theory
Psychology Schools of Thought
- Study the human mind and its mental states
- Describe, predict, and control behavior and mental processes
- Attempt to understand patterns in human behavior in order to predict future human actions
Influential Psychologists
- Sigmund Freud: developed psychoanalysis and believed that bad experiences in childhood can affect mental health as adults
- Elizabeth Loftus: believed that repressed memories can be created through the power of suggestion
- B.F. Skinner: developed operant conditioning and the "Skinner Box" experiment
- Carl Jung: developed analytical psychology and believed that balancing a person's psyche would allow them to reach their full potential
- Ivan Pavlov: discovered classical conditioning through his experiment with dogs' drooling response
Explore the major perspectives and theories in psychology, including the contributions of influential psychologists and their significance in understanding human behavior. Learn about the key ideas and approaches that shape our understanding of psychology.
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