Introduction to Psychology Theories and Perspectives

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of psychologists in understanding human behavior?

To describe the characteristics of one's temperament

To predict future human actions (correct)

To control behavior and mental processes

To understand the human mind and its mental states

Which of the following is NOT a psychological approach to understanding human behavior?

Experimental Psychology

Developmental Psychology

Clinical Psychology

Humanistic Theory (correct)

Who is associated with the development of Cognitive Theory?

Elizabeth Loftus (correct)

Carl Jung

B.F. Skinner

Sigmund Freud

What is the primary focus of Personality Psychology?

The characteristics of one's temperament Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with the development of Psychodynamic Theory?

Sigmund Freud Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Experimental Psychology?

To control behavior and mental processes through experimentation Signup and view all the answers

According to psychodynamic theories, what is the focus of therapy?

Unlocking the conscious and unconscious feelings of a patient Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary influence on human behavior according to psychoanalytic theory?

Early childhood experiences Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the mind is responsible for balancing the conflicting demands of the id and superego?

Ego Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the free association method in psychoanalysis?

To uncover bad experiences that affect mental health Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the part of the mind that is driven by the 'reality principle'?

Ego Signup and view all the answers

When does the superego develop according to psychoanalytic theory?

Through socialization Signup and view all the answers

What is the core idea of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis?

Finding the reasons of mental illness by talking about past life and feelings Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an error in speech, memory, or physical action due to an unconscious mind interference?

Freudian slip Signup and view all the answers

According to Carl Jung, what is the benefit of balancing a person's psyche?

Reaching full potential Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of behavioral psychology?

Observable behavior and phenomena Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for universal symbols that tend to reappear over time?

Archetypes Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs' drooling response?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a stimulus that has no effect on an individual?

Neutral Stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of humanistic psychology?

An individual's inherent drive to self-actualization Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of a behavior stopping when it is no longer reinforced?

Extinction Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the device used by B.F. Skinner to study operant conditioning?

Skinner Box Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a type of learning that involves the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus?

Classical Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the removal of a stimulus or consequence to decrease a behavior?

Negative Reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the psychologist who scientifically studies internal behavior?

Treating people with mental illness and neurotic disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the 'Lost in the Mall' experiment?

To demonstrate the power of suggestion in creating false memories Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'Lost in the Mall' experiment in understanding human behavior?

It demonstrates the power of suggestion in creating false memories Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the in-class presentation task?

To research and present assigned topics using online sources Signup and view all the answers

What is the main requirement for the presentation slides in the in-class presentation task?

To be detailed but concise Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the in-class presentation task in understanding human behavior?

To explain how psychological concepts affect human behavior Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Conditioning and Learning

Neutral Stimulus: Something that has no effect on you
Conditioned Stimulus: Neutral + Unconditioned Stimulus (e.g. bell in the dog experiment)
Conditioned Response: The response to the conditioned stimulus after being conditioned

Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner)

A type of learning that changes human behavior through antecedents and consequences
Reinforcement (good behavior): receive something positive for doing a good behavior
Punishment (bad behavior): receive something negative for doing a bad behavior
Positive (receive something): receive something good or bad for doing a good or bad behavior
Negative (get something taken away): get something bad taken away from you for doing a good behavior, or get something good taken away from you for doing a bad behavior
Extinction: when a behavior stops because it is no longer reinforced (e.g. rat stops pressing button when no food is given)

Humanistic Psychology

Emphasizes an individual's inherent drive to self-actualization (realization of full potential)
Rejects experiments and prefers qualitative methods such as diary accounts, open-ended questions, interviews, etc.

Psychodynamic Theories

An approach to therapy that resolves a patient's conscious and unconscious feelings
Conscious: the part of the mind that is aware of information and can talk about it rationally
Unconscious: the part of the mind that contains hidden human behavior and relationships, including unresolved or repressed emotions
Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud): all human behavior is influenced by early childhood experiences
Id: the totally unconscious, instinctual part of the mind that is pleasure-oriented and selfish
Ego: the rational part of the mind that balances the conflicting demands of the id and superego
Superego: the moral center of the mind that develops through socialization
Free Association: a method used in psychoanalysis where a patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind

Major Perspectives and Theories in Psychology

Psychodynamic Theory
Behaviourism
Cognitive Theory
Humanistic Theory

Psychology Schools of Thought

Study the human mind and its mental states
Describe, predict, and control behavior and mental processes
Attempt to understand patterns in human behavior in order to predict future human actions

Influential Psychologists

Sigmund Freud: developed psychoanalysis and believed that bad experiences in childhood can affect mental health as adults
Elizabeth Loftus: believed that repressed memories can be created through the power of suggestion
B.F. Skinner: developed operant conditioning and the "Skinner Box" experiment
Carl Jung: developed analytical psychology and believed that balancing a person's psyche would allow them to reach their full potential
Ivan Pavlov: discovered classical conditioning through his experiment with dogs' drooling response

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Description

Explore the major perspectives and theories in psychology, including the contributions of influential psychologists and their significance in understanding human behavior. Learn about the key ideas and approaches that shape our understanding of psychology.