Psychology Test

The scientific study of the mind and behavior, focusing on individual experiences and actions.

A branch of psychology focusing on the treatment of mental illnesses and disorders.

Psychologists study and treat mental health. Psychiatrists are medical doctors who can prescribe medication for mental health issues.

To describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.

A branch of psychology that uses experiments to understand how people react in certain situations.

To observe and carefully note behaviors, patterns, or phenomena. This involves identifying what happens, how often, and under what conditions.

To understand the reasons behind observed behaviors or mental processes. This involves seeking explanations for why things happen the way they do.

To anticipate future behavior or mental processes based on existing knowledge and observations. This involves using patterns to make educated guesses about what might happen.

To influence or modify behaviors or mental processes to achieve a desired outcome. This involves using knowledge to intervene and change things.

The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.

A psychoanalytic technique where a client is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind, without censorship. This allows the client to explore their unconscious thoughts and feelings.

A part of the mind that contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are not accessible to conscious awareness. These hidden elements can influence our personality and behaviors.

Three parts of the personality according to Freud. The id is driven by primal urges, the ego acts as a mediator between the id and the real world, and the superego represents internalized morals and values.

Unconscious psychological strategies that protect the ego from anxiety by distorting reality. They are used to cope with stressful situations or overwhelming emotions.

Five stages of development proposed by Freud, each characterized by a focus on different erogenous zones and related conflicts. These early experiences can shape personality development.

A part of our minds that holds thoughts, memories, and desires we aren't aware of, but can heavily influence our personality and actions.

A technique where clients say whatever pops into their heads, no matter how strange, to access the unconscious mind.

Part of the personality driven by primal urges and desires, seeking immediate gratification.

The mediator between the Id and the real world, trying to balance desires and societal rules.

Represents our internalized morals and values, like a conscience, telling us what's right and wrong.

Inherited patterns of behavior, like instincts, passed down through generations. They influence our reactions and actions.

All of an individual's forgotten or repressed experiences that still affect their behavior.

Shared, inherited unconscious knowledge and experiences across generations, expressed through universal symbols and archetypes.

The three main systems are the ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious.

A school of psychology that believes all behaviours are learned through interactions with the environment. It focuses on observable behaviours and uses scientific methods to study and influence them.

A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally eliciting stimulus, eventually triggering a learned response.

A type of learning where behaviours are modified based on their consequences. Rewards increase the likelihood of a behaviour, while punishments decrease it.

Adding something pleasant to increase the likelihood of a behaviour.

Removing something unpleasant to increase the likelihood of a behaviour.

A motivational theory that organizes human needs in a pyramid, starting with basic physiological requirements and progressing to self-actualization.

Basic needs like food, safety, and belonging that motivate us when they are not met. They are essential for survival and well-being.

Higher-level needs that focus on personal development, self-actualization, and fulfilling one's potential.

The highest level of Maslow's hierarchy, representing the fulfillment of one's unique potential and striving to become the best version of oneself.

A key concept from Carl Rogers, it describes a genuine and accepting attitude towards another person, regardless of their flaws or shortcomings.

A psychological theory that explains how people learn and behave based on their interactions with their environment, their own motivations, and their observations of others.

A famous experiment by Albert Bandura that showed children learn aggressive behaviors by observing and imitating adults.

Memories that people believe are real but are actually false or distorted.

Memories that are pushed out of conscious awareness due to trauma or other psychological reasons.

The study of how the brain processes information, learns, remembers, thinks, and solves problems.

A set of guidelines for psychologists to follow when conducting research, ensuring ethical treatment of participants and safeguarding their well-being.

A process where participants are fully informed about a study's procedures, potential risks, and benefits before agreeing to participate.

Keeping participant information private and secure, protecting their identity and preventing unauthorized access to their data.

Revealing the true purpose and nature of a study to participants after it's finished, especially if deception was used.

A controversial practice where researchers intentionally mislead participants about the study's true purpose, often used for more realistic data.

A small, almond-shaped brain structure deep within the limbic system, responsible for processing emotions like fear, anger, and basic survival instincts.

The base of the brain connecting to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

Two small, folded brain structures located at the top of the brain stem, responsible for coordination, balance, and learning motor skills.

The largest part of the brain, divided into two hemispheres (left and right), controlling higher-level functions like language, reasoning, and consciousness.

The front portion of the cerebrum, responsible for planning, decision-making, personality, and complex thought processes.

A distinctive collection of traits and patterns that shape an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It's like a unique recipe for how someone experiences the world.

Introverts gain energy from solitude and prefer smaller social gatherings, while extroverts are energized by social interaction and enjoy larger groups.

These are five broad dimensions of personality: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Think of them as the five major 'ingredients'of personality.

This trait describes how imaginative, curious, and open to new experiences someone is. High openness is linked to being creative and adventurous.

This trait reflects how organized, responsible, and self-disciplined someone is. High conscientiousness leads to being detail-oriented and reliable.

Genes are the biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes. They contain the instructions for building and maintaining an organism.

Identical twins (monozygotic) develop from one fertilized egg that splits, making them genetically identical. Fraternal twins (dizygotic) develop from two separate eggs, making them genetically similar to regular siblings.

A mutation is a random change in a gene's DNA sequence. It's like a typo in the genetic code.

Predisposition means having a higher chance of developing a trait or condition due to your genes. It's like having a genetic 'tendency' towards something.

Heritability is the degree to which a trait is influenced by genetics. It's a measure of how much variation in a trait can be explained by genetic differences.

These theories explain criminal behavior based on genetic, biological, and neurological factors, suggesting that some individuals are predisposed to crime due to their inherited traits and brain structures.

This early biological theory argued that criminals are a distinct species with physical abnormalities that make them predisposed to criminal behavior. He believed certain facial features and body types were indicative of criminal tendencies.

These theories link body type to personality and behavior, suggesting that certain physical builds are associated with specific temperaments and increased likelihood of criminal behavior.

Sheldon identified three main body types – endomorphic, ectomorphic, and mesomorphic – and associated distinct personality traits to each. He argued that mesomorphs, with muscular builds, were more prone to criminal behavior.

Biological theories emphasize the role of the brain in shaping behavior, suggesting that differences in brain structure and function can influence criminal tendencies.

A person lacking empathy and other emotions, often manipulative and appearing normal, but with a lack of conscience.

Sociopathic tendencies are caused by social or environmental factors, while psychopathic traits are thought to be innate.

A disorder characterized by disregard for social norms, deceitfulness, and impulsivity. It overlaps with psychopathy but focuses more on behavior.

Indicators can include superficial charm, grandiose self-worth, need for stimulation, pathological lying, manipulation, lack of remorse, and poor behavioral control.

Estimates suggest roughly 1 in 150 people may be psychopathic.