Psychology Test

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Questions and Answers

Which branch of psychology focuses on treating individuals with mental illnesses?

  • Sports Psychology
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology (correct)
  • Forensic Psychology

Psychologists focus on the study of groups and societal behaviors.

False (B)

Match the following branches of psychology with their primary focus:

Forensic Psychology = Legal issues and criminal behavior Sports Psychology = Performance enhancement in sports Counseling Psychology = Guiding individuals through personal issues Developmental Psychology = Human growth and changes over time

As a manager, you must interview high school students for a job opening using questions given to you by the head office. Which goal of psychology does this represent?

<p>Predict (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Researchers identify a gene that predisposes individuals to obesity. Which goal of psychology does this represent?

<p>Predict (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Developmental psychology studies human development from conception to death.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology?

<p>Mental processes such as perception, language, and memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios is an example of the goal of 'control' in psychology?

<p>A daycare worker has developed a teaching program that increases each child's self-esteem. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios is an example of the goal of 'describe' in psychology?

<p>Surveys show that young women who graduate from college earn as much money per year as men who graduate from high school. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a branch of psychology?

<p>Financial Psychology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what does the term 'unconscious' refer to in psychology?

<p>The part of the mind that contains thoughts, memories, and desires that we are not aware of.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what is the primary function of the 'ego' ?

<p>The ego is responsible for mediating between the desires of the 'id' and the moral constraints of the 'superego'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'archetype' refer to in Jungian psychology?

<p>A pattern of behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The personal unconscious contains only repressed memories and does not influence behavior.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main systems that make up Carl Jung's psyche?

<p>Ego, personal unconscious, collective unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions related to Jung's theory:

<p>Ego = Represents the conscious mind. Archetype = Pattern of behavior. Personal unconscious = Contains repressed memories. Collective unconscious = Inherited knowledge across generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the focus of behaviorists?

<p>They believe behavior is influenced by environmental stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Behaviorism emphasizes the importance of observable behaviors over subjective phenomena.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of operant conditioning in behaviorism?

<p>Operant conditioning involves reinforcing or punishing behaviors to influence their occurrence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following behavioral concepts with their definitions:

<p>Stimulus = An event or object that elicits a response Positive Reinforcement = Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior Negative Reinforcement = Removing an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior Extinction = The gradual reduction of a learned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for moving to higher levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

<p>Fulfillment of physiological needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Self-actualized individuals report fewer peak experiences compared to those with unmet deficiency needs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for Carl Rogers' idea of total acceptance toward another person?

<p>unconditional positive regard</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs consists of five tiers, with __________ needs at the bottom.

<p>biological</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics of self-actualized individuals with their descriptions:

<p>Perceive reality accurately = Have an accurate understanding of the world Independent and autonomous = Function without relying on others Deep relationships with few = Prefer meaningful interactions over many superficial ones Focus on accomplishing goals = Concentrate on achieving their personal objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Albert Bandura's Social-cognitive Theory?

<p>The relationship between behavior and learned experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elizabeth Loftus found that memories can be easily manipulated, leading to the formation of false memories.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main observation from Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment?

<p>Children imitated aggressive behaviors after watching an adult act aggressively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive psychology studies the processes of the brain involved in __________.

<p>learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the psychologist with their primary area of study:

<p>Albert Bandura = Social-cognitive Theory Elizabeth Loftus = Memory and false memories Bobo Doll Experiment = Learning through imitation Cognitive Psychology = Mental processes of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a guideline for conducting ethical research according to the American Psychological Association?

<p>Maximize deception to ensure accurate results (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Participants in a psychological study must be informed about what risks their participation may involve.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of debriefing participants at the end of a research study?

<p>To reveal the true aims of the study and any deception used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the ethical principles with their definitions:

<p>Informed Consent = Participants must be aware of what the study involves Confidentiality = Data must be kept private and anonymous Debriefing = Participants are informed of the study’s true purpose after completion Right to Withdraw = Participants can leave the study at any time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?

<p>It organizes responses to complex problems and houses working memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is the largest brain structure in humans and accounts for about two-thirds of the brain's mass.

<p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the brain structures with their primary functions:

<p>Amygdala = Emotional reactions such as anger and fear Cerebellum = Skilled and coordinated movement Brain Stem = Basic survival functions Cerebrum = Consciousness and reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Introverts are generally described as outgoing and energetic.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four functional types of personality created by Carl Jung?

<p>Thinking, Feeling, Sensation, Intuition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the Big Five trait dimensions with their descriptions:

<p>Openness = Imaginative/independent vs. Practical/conforming Extroversion = Outgoing/energetic vs. Shy/reserved Neuroticism = Anxious/insecure vs. Calm/secure Agreeableness = Friendly/helpful vs. Cold/unkind</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the random errors in gene replication that may result in changes to an individual’s genetic code?

<p>Mutation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identical twins are also known as dizygotic twins.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The genetic material that makes up chromosomes is called _____ and contains the genetic information.

<p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

<p>Heritability = The degree to which traits are inherited Genes = Biochemical units of heredity Environment = All nongenetic influences affecting behavior Predisposition = The possibility of something happening through genetic code</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lombroso believed that physical features such as long arms and large teeth could predict criminal behavior.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three body shapes identified by William Sheldon?

<p>Endomorphic, Ectomorphic, Mesomorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to William Sheldon, body types can be linked to personality traits. Match the body type to the corresponding personality trait:

<p>Endomorphic = Sociable and relaxed Ectomorphic = Introverted and restrained Mesomorphic = Aggressive and adventurous</p> Signup and view all the answers

All psychopaths are criminals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between a psychopath and a sociopath?

<p>Psychopathy is thought to be more innate, while sociopathy is caused by social or environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following traits with their descriptions:

<p>Glibness = Superficial charm Impulsivity = Proneness to act without planning Conning = Manipulative behavior for personal gain Lack of empathy = Inability to understand others' feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychology

The scientific study of the mind and behavior, focusing on individual experiences and actions.

Clinical Psychology

A branch of psychology focusing on the treatment of mental illnesses and disorders.

Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist

Psychologists study and treat mental health. Psychiatrists are medical doctors who can prescribe medication for mental health issues.

Goals of Psychology

To describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.

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Experimental Psychology

A branch of psychology that uses experiments to understand how people react in certain situations.

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Describe in Psychology

To observe and carefully note behaviors, patterns, or phenomena. This involves identifying what happens, how often, and under what conditions.

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Explain in Psychology

To understand the reasons behind observed behaviors or mental processes. This involves seeking explanations for why things happen the way they do.

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Predict in Psychology

To anticipate future behavior or mental processes based on existing knowledge and observations. This involves using patterns to make educated guesses about what might happen.

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Control in Psychology

To influence or modify behaviors or mental processes to achieve a desired outcome. This involves using knowledge to intervene and change things.

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What is the goal of psychology?

The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.

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Free Association

A psychoanalytic technique where a client is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind, without censorship. This allows the client to explore their unconscious thoughts and feelings.

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Unconscious Mind

A part of the mind that contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are not accessible to conscious awareness. These hidden elements can influence our personality and behaviors.

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Id, Ego, and Superego

Three parts of the personality according to Freud. The id is driven by primal urges, the ego acts as a mediator between the id and the real world, and the superego represents internalized morals and values.

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Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious psychological strategies that protect the ego from anxiety by distorting reality. They are used to cope with stressful situations or overwhelming emotions.

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Psychosexual Stages

Five stages of development proposed by Freud, each characterized by a focus on different erogenous zones and related conflicts. These early experiences can shape personality development.

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What is the Unconscious Mind?

A part of our minds that holds thoughts, memories, and desires we aren't aware of, but can heavily influence our personality and actions.

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What is Free Association?

A technique where clients say whatever pops into their heads, no matter how strange, to access the unconscious mind.

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Id

Part of the personality driven by primal urges and desires, seeking immediate gratification.

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Ego

The mediator between the Id and the real world, trying to balance desires and societal rules.

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Superego

Represents our internalized morals and values, like a conscience, telling us what's right and wrong.

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Archetype

Inherited patterns of behavior, like instincts, passed down through generations. They influence our reactions and actions.

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Personal Unconscious

All of an individual's forgotten or repressed experiences that still affect their behavior.

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Collective Unconscious

Shared, inherited unconscious knowledge and experiences across generations, expressed through universal symbols and archetypes.

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What are the three main systems of the psyche according to Jung?

The three main systems are the ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious.

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What is Behaviourism?

A school of psychology that believes all behaviours are learned through interactions with the environment. It focuses on observable behaviours and uses scientific methods to study and influence them.

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What is Classical Conditioning?

A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally eliciting stimulus, eventually triggering a learned response.

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Operant Conditioning

A type of learning where behaviours are modified based on their consequences. Rewards increase the likelihood of a behaviour, while punishments decrease it.

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Positive Reinforcement

Adding something pleasant to increase the likelihood of a behaviour.

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Negative Reinforcement

Removing something unpleasant to increase the likelihood of a behaviour.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A motivational theory that organizes human needs in a pyramid, starting with basic physiological requirements and progressing to self-actualization.

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Deficiency Needs

Basic needs like food, safety, and belonging that motivate us when they are not met. They are essential for survival and well-being.

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Growth Needs

Higher-level needs that focus on personal development, self-actualization, and fulfilling one's potential.

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Self-Actualization

The highest level of Maslow's hierarchy, representing the fulfillment of one's unique potential and striving to become the best version of oneself.

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Unconditional Positive Regard

A key concept from Carl Rogers, it describes a genuine and accepting attitude towards another person, regardless of their flaws or shortcomings.

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Social-Cognitive Theory

A psychological theory that explains how people learn and behave based on their interactions with their environment, their own motivations, and their observations of others.

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Bobo Doll Experiment

A famous experiment by Albert Bandura that showed children learn aggressive behaviors by observing and imitating adults.

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False Memories

Memories that people believe are real but are actually false or distorted.

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Repressed Memories

Memories that are pushed out of conscious awareness due to trauma or other psychological reasons.

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Cognitive Psychology

The study of how the brain processes information, learns, remembers, thinks, and solves problems.

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Ethics in Psychological Research

A set of guidelines for psychologists to follow when conducting research, ensuring ethical treatment of participants and safeguarding their well-being.

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Informed Consent

A process where participants are fully informed about a study's procedures, potential risks, and benefits before agreeing to participate.

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Confidentiality

Keeping participant information private and secure, protecting their identity and preventing unauthorized access to their data.

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Debriefing

Revealing the true purpose and nature of a study to participants after it's finished, especially if deception was used.

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Deception in Research

A controversial practice where researchers intentionally mislead participants about the study's true purpose, often used for more realistic data.

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Amygdala

A small, almond-shaped brain structure deep within the limbic system, responsible for processing emotions like fear, anger, and basic survival instincts.

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Brain Stem

The base of the brain connecting to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

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Cerebellum

Two small, folded brain structures located at the top of the brain stem, responsible for coordination, balance, and learning motor skills.

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Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain, divided into two hemispheres (left and right), controlling higher-level functions like language, reasoning, and consciousness.

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Frontal Lobe

The front portion of the cerebrum, responsible for planning, decision-making, personality, and complex thought processes.

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Personality

A distinctive collection of traits and patterns that shape an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It's like a unique recipe for how someone experiences the world.

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Introvert vs. Extrovert

Introverts gain energy from solitude and prefer smaller social gatherings, while extroverts are energized by social interaction and enjoy larger groups.

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What are the Big Five personality traits?

These are five broad dimensions of personality: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Think of them as the five major 'ingredients'of personality.

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Openness

This trait describes how imaginative, curious, and open to new experiences someone is. High openness is linked to being creative and adventurous.

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Conscientiousness

This trait reflects how organized, responsible, and self-disciplined someone is. High conscientiousness leads to being detail-oriented and reliable.

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What are genes?

Genes are the biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes. They contain the instructions for building and maintaining an organism.

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What's the difference between identical and fraternal twins?

Identical twins (monozygotic) develop from one fertilized egg that splits, making them genetically identical. Fraternal twins (dizygotic) develop from two separate eggs, making them genetically similar to regular siblings.

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What is a mutation?

A mutation is a random change in a gene's DNA sequence. It's like a typo in the genetic code.

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What does predisposition mean in genetics?

Predisposition means having a higher chance of developing a trait or condition due to your genes. It's like having a genetic 'tendency' towards something.

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What is heritability?

Heritability is the degree to which a trait is influenced by genetics. It's a measure of how much variation in a trait can be explained by genetic differences.

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Biological Theories of Crime

These theories explain criminal behavior based on genetic, biological, and neurological factors, suggesting that some individuals are predisposed to crime due to their inherited traits and brain structures.

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Lombroso's Theory of the 'Born Criminal'

This early biological theory argued that criminals are a distinct species with physical abnormalities that make them predisposed to criminal behavior. He believed certain facial features and body types were indicative of criminal tendencies.

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Constitutional Theories

These theories link body type to personality and behavior, suggesting that certain physical builds are associated with specific temperaments and increased likelihood of criminal behavior.

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Sheldon's Somatotypes

Sheldon identified three main body types – endomorphic, ectomorphic, and mesomorphic – and associated distinct personality traits to each. He argued that mesomorphs, with muscular builds, were more prone to criminal behavior.

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Brain and Behavior

Biological theories emphasize the role of the brain in shaping behavior, suggesting that differences in brain structure and function can influence criminal tendencies.

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Psychopath

A person lacking empathy and other emotions, often manipulative and appearing normal, but with a lack of conscience.

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Sociopath vs. Psychopath

Sociopathic tendencies are caused by social or environmental factors, while psychopathic traits are thought to be innate.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

A disorder characterized by disregard for social norms, deceitfulness, and impulsivity. It overlaps with psychopathy but focuses more on behavior.

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Possible Signs of Psychopathy

Indicators can include superficial charm, grandiose self-worth, need for stimulation, pathological lying, manipulation, lack of remorse, and poor behavioral control.

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Prevalence of Psychopathy

Estimates suggest roughly 1 in 150 people may be psychopathic.

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Study Notes

Learning Goals

  • Students will understand the evolution of psychology (its history).
  • Students will be able to explain what psychology is and its goals.
  • Students will explain what psychologists and psychiatrists do.
  • Students will explain why psychology is studied.
  • This aligns with curriculum expectations C1 & C2.

Terminology

  • Psychologist
  • Psychiatrist
  • Clinical psychology
  • Forensic psychology
  • Sports psychology
  • Counseling
  • Social psychology
  • School psychology
  • Cognitive psychology
  • Developmental psychology

KWL Chart

  • K (What I Know): Blank space for students to fill in what they know about psychology.
  • W (What I Want to Know): Blank space for students to write questions about psychology.
  • L (What I Have Learned): Blank space for students to note what they've learned after the lesson.

Psychology Focus

  • Psychologists focus on the individual and their experiences, rather than societal or cultural influences.

Branches of Psychology

  • Experimental Psychology: Conducts experiments to understand how individuals react in various situations.
  • Clinical Psychology: Creates programs to treat individuals with mental illnesses and disorders.
    • Psychologists and psychiatrists work with patients experiencing anxiety and depression.
    • They utilize the DSM-V (a diagnostic manual) to identify illnesses/disorders.
  • Counseling Psychology: Focuses on everyday problems and challenges.
  • Developmental Psychology: Studies how human beings change over their lifespan.
  • Social Psychology: Examines how people interact and are influenced by social groups.
  • Biological Psychology: Focuses on the physiological underpinnings of behavior.
  • Cognitive Psychology: Looks at the processes behind thoughts, memory, and language.
  • Educational Psychology: Investigates factors affecting learning and teaching.
  • School Psychology: Provides assessment and intervention services for students within the educational system.
  • Forensic Psychology: Applies psychological principles within the legal system.
  • Sports Psychology: Enhances athletic performance and well-being by using psychology.
  • Personality Psychology: Studies personality traits that differ among individuals.

Introduction to Psychology

  • This is the first episode, introducing the discipline.

Introduction to the Discipline of Psychology

  • This slide depicts various people.

Goals of Psychology Worksheet

  • Students work in small groups to complete a worksheet on the psychological goals (describe, explain, predict, control).
  • The worksheet includes scenarios, and students identify each scenario's relevant goal.

What Psychologists Do

  • Psychologists study how and why humans act the way they do.
  • Instead of focusing on cultures or societies, psychologists focus on individuals and their personal experiences, influencing their actions and thoughts.

What a Psychologist Does (More Detail)

  • Psychologists assess and diagnose issues in thinking, feeling, and behavior.
  • Psychologists help people manage and overcome problems through various treatments.
  • Specific issues addressed include: fears, problems in learning and memory, the psychological impact of physical illnesses (e.g., diabetes, heart disease, chronic pain, stroke), concerns related to terminal illness, addictions, stress, frustration, relationship problems, eating disorders, brain injuries, and dementia.
  • Psychologists often use a variety of psychological treatments (psychotherapies).
  • They work in diverse settings such as hospitals, rehabilitation centers, community clinics, private practices, correctional facilities, schools, and universities.
  • Psychologists may use tests to understand a person's thoughts, mood, and behavior.
  • In many regions, only psychologists, physicians, and nurse practitioners are qualified to make mental health diagnoses. There are variations in licensing requirements across Canada.

Psychologists at Work (Subfields and Activities)

  • All the subfields previously listed are included (clinical psychology, counseling psychology, etc.), with their respective activities. This section should also detail that psychologists work in diverse settings/situations (hospitals, schools, etc.).

10 Ways Psychology Can Change Your Life

  • Psychology can help you improve communication, build better relationships, build self-confidence, and enrich your career.

Thoughts and Exit Card

  • Students reflect on new, surprising aspects and topics they'd like to learn more about.
  • The exit card includes questions focused on psychology's goals (describe, explain, predict, control), psychologist tasks, psychology's impact on daily life, desired areas of study, and specific curiosities.

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