Introduction to Psychology of Trauma
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Questions and Answers

What is a defining characteristic of trauma according to Judith Herman?

  • An overwhelming event that disrupts daily life adaptation. (correct)
  • An event that enhances a person's sense of control.
  • A manageable event that leads to positive adaptation.
  • A minor event with no lasting emotional impact.

    • Which symptom is NOT typically associated with PTSD?

  • Arousal and reactivity symptoms.
  • Negative alterations in cognition and mood.
  • Avoidance symptoms.
  • Increased sense of control. (correct)

    • What factor does NOT influence whether trauma always results in PTSD?

  • Social support.
  • Severeness of trauma.
  • Personal resources.
  • Community resources. (correct)

    • Why are people attracted to trauma as stated in the content?

    <p>The pain of pleasure and pleasure of pain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is trauma viewed through an ecological lens?

    <p>It appears as a family trait over generations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of the Continuous Traumatic Stress Response Scale (CTSR)?

    <p>It focuses on the effects of ongoing security threats. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic approach is specific for treating PTSD in children?

    <p>TF-CBT (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Calibration' refer to in building therapeutic alliances?

    <p>Matching observations with the client’s emotional state. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes PTSD from other types of psychotrauma?

    <p>It develops after a single traumatic event. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a focus area for the Lancet Psychiatry Commission on Youth Mental Health?

    <p>Psychotropic medication prescriptions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy was introduced by Ehler & Clark in 2008 for PTSD treatment?

    <p>TF-CBT (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does 'Sensory Acuity' play a role in therapy?

    <p>It enables therapists to directly observe and interpret senses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main argument presented in the Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health?

    <p>Prioritizing youth mental health can improve societal quality of life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intent behind acts classified as genocide according to the United Nations Genocide Convention?

    <p>To destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the transmission of genocidal trauma is true?

    <p>Females primarily translate the family trauma to their children. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a clinical consequence of genocidal trauma?

    <p>Development of PTSD under continuous traumatic stress. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'moral injury' relate to in the context of military experiences?

    <p>The psychological conflict arising from actions that contradict personal morals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the trolley problem illustrate in ethical discussions?

    <p>The difference between utilitarianism and deontology. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the experience of war often contradict the myth of war as portrayed in society?

    <p>War is consistently depicted as glorious and honorable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge highlighted in the conflict between religious belief and military duties?

    <p>Reconciling the command to love enemies with the act of killing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common theme relates to the experiences of veterans returning from combat, according to the content provided?

    <p>The distinction between death during battle and survival with trauma. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Psychotrauma

    A distressing event that overwhelms a person's ability to cope, leading to maladaptive responses and feelings of helplessness.

    Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

    A set of symptoms that can develop after a traumatic experience. Symptoms include intrusive thoughts, avoidance behaviors, negative changes in thoughts and mood, and increased arousal.

    Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

    A theoretical framework that emphasizes the interconnectedness of various levels of influence on an individual's development and well-being. It recognizes the impact of multiple systems, like family, community, and society, on trauma.

    Intergenerational Trauma

    The idea that trauma can be passed down across generations, influencing family patterns and even cultural norms. This intergenerational transmission can lead to similar symptoms and behaviors in different generations.

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    Personal Resources in Trauma Recovery

    The ability to adapt effectively to challenging situations and regain a sense of control after a traumatic experience. It includes factors like social support, coping skills, and resilience.

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    Genocide

    The intentional destruction, in whole or in part, of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.

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    Intergenerational Genocidal Trauma

    The effects of genocide on individuals and groups across generations.

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    Clinical and Social Consequences of Genocidal Trauma

    The psychological and social consequences of traumatic experiences, especially those related to violence, war, or genocide.

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    Moral Injury

    A form of psychological injury that occurs when individuals experience or witness events that violate their moral beliefs and values.

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    Trolley Problem

    A situation where an individual is forced to choose between two morally wrong actions, resulting in potentially harmful consequences.

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    Utilitarianism

    A philosophical approach that emphasizes the consequences of actions, prioritizing outcomes over rules.

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    Deontology

    A philosophical approach that emphasizes following moral rules and principles, regardless of the consequences.

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    Political Ideas vs. Actual Experience in War

    The conflict between political ideals and the realities of war, leading to moral injury and disillusionment.

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    Calibration

    It's about watching and noticing the subtle ways a client expresses their emotions, like body language and tone.

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    Sensory Acuity in Therapy

    This method focuses on the detailed observations of a client's non-verbal behavior, like their facial expressions and subtle movements.

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    Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)

    This therapy focuses on helping people process and heal from traumatic experiences by combining exposure to the traumatic event with various coping mechanisms.

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    Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

    It aims to help people cope with trauma by accessing and processing the traumatic memories in a controlled environment.

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    Recognition Stage in TF-CBT

    Recognition is about understanding the impact of trauma on the client's life, it's a foundation for healing.

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    Planning Future Stage in TF-CBT

    This stage in TF-CBT focuses on helping clients create a plan for a safe and fulfilling future after trauma.

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    Integration Stage in TF-CBT

    Integration is about putting the pieces of a traumatic experience back together, making sense of it and integrating it into the client's life.

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    Stabilization Stage in TF-CBT

    This stage in TF-CBT is about stabilizing the client's emotional state and providing them with basic coping skills to deal with stress.

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    Study Notes

    Introduction to Psychology of Trauma

    • The presentation covers introductory material on the psychology of trauma
    • Resources for further reading and information are available on the ELE (Exeter Learning Environment) platform
    • Links to the NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health) are also available on ELE

    Psychotrauma

    • The presentation outlines psychotrauma by investigating Why, When, How, and Examples
    • The presentation notes the topic of why people are attracted to trauma, referencing van der Kolk (2014) who explored pain and pleasure of pain

    International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS)

    • The presentation details the 40th Annual Meeting of the ISTSS, taking place in Boston, Mass., from September 25-28, 2024
    • The program includes keynotes and sessions related to traumatic stress, such as dealing with firearm injuries and the use of psychedelics in PTSD treatment, alongside topics such as trauma memories and the relationship between the brain and trauma

    Key Historical Figures and Trauma

    • Jean-Martin Charcot and Pierre Janet were influential figures in understanding trauma as a factor in psychological and physical symptoms
    • The presentations notes their work, specifically referencing their work on hysteria and other mental disorders.
    • The Vietnam War provided a large sample for studying trauma, aiding in the development of a paradigm for understanding trauma

    Wars Ranked by Death Toll (1800-2011)

    • World War II had the highest death toll (7.11 million), followed by World War I (21.06 million) in conventional wars.

    What is Psychotrauma?

    • Psychotrauma is a devastating event that alters an individual’s capacity for emotional and psychological adaptation
    • A key factor is the sense of loss of control, impacting daily life and leading to internalised maladaptive responses (Herman, 1992)

    Control???

    • Common thoughts that emerge post-trauma are the belief something bad will happen, being in immediate danger, the world is a dangerous place, and the feeling of taking responsibility for the event

    PTSD Symptoms

    • Symptoms of PTSD include intrusive memories, avoidance behaviors, negative thoughts and moods, and arousal problems (Marine Sergeant Terry Pulaski, 2012)

    Factors Influencing PTSD Development

    • Trauma severity, personal resources, and social support influence the development of PTSD (J. Herman, 2023)

    Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Circles

    • Bronfenbrenner (1977) ecological systems theory frameworks are outlined with visual circular models, depicting the concept of interconnected systems affecting an individual, influencing mental health by highlighting influences like family, broader environment, and societal factors, which can either reinforce or mitigate the impact of trauma.

    Types of Trauma

    • Trauma can be categorized based on duration (acute or chronic), frequency (single or multiple), source (direct, indirect, or vicarious), and scope (individual or collective).
    • Examples cited include: car accidents, military combat, domestic violence, shared traumatic experiences, genocidal trauma, historical trauma, and trauma of identity.

    Trauma Through Ecological Lens

    • Understanding trauma needs contextualization, taking into account the effect of broader social, cultural, and familial factors (Resmaa Menakem, 2020)

    Genocide or Crime Against Humanity

    • Acts committed with intent to destroy a national, ethnical, racial or religious group as defined by the United Nations Genocide Convention (1948)

    Genocidal Trauma

    • Genocidal trauma impacts individual and social lives, affecting mental health, physical health associated with the violence experienced, experienced by the group or family

    Other Factors and Outcomes in Trauma

    • Women frequently transmit family trauma to their children (effects of the Holodomor, Holocaust trauma and developing PTSD related to continuous traumatic stress)
    • Moral injury is a form of trauma associated with violating one's moral compass, including definitions, symptomology, measurement and neural underpinnings, and treatments.

    Tom's Case: Lessons from Vietnam Veterans (Part 21, #1)

    • Case study of Vietnam War veterans exploring the effects of trauma, particularly Noam Saul's case

    Moral Injury

    • The presentation discusses the trolley problem and the footbridge problem, illustrating moral dilemma in decision making, noting the utilitarian and deontological ethical perspectives, as presented by Greene (2014), Crockett et al. (2010, 2017)

    Political Ideas vs Actual Experience of War

    • War is shown to be drastically different from popular ideologies about war, including the belief that the war will result in victory, misconceptions of war as noble behavior, contrasting religious beliefs with the actuality of combat, and the complex human experience of war and the need to reconcile the moral dilemma in combat

    Moral Injury (MISS)

    • Moral Injury among civilians in Ukraine during the 2022 war is a critical topic discussed, with data showing impact. (Zasiekina et al., 2023)

    Continuous Traumatic Stress Response

    • A discussion of the Continuous Traumatic Stress Response (CTSR) and Complex PTSD scales, particularly the development and cross cultural adaptation and validation of the scale.

    Brain and Evidence-Based Protocols

    • Presentation outlining protocols for trauma therapy based on brain function.
    • Topics covered include TF-CBT, EMDR, RTM and associated theories/studies

    Noam Saul's case: running of your life case

    Calibration and Sensory Acuity

    • The importance of observation is stressed in understanding client emotional states and sensory details.
    • Emphasized in building a therapeutic alliance; recognizing sensory information as vital for a successful therapeutic relationship.

    TF-CBT (Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy):

    • The presentation discusses a framework for treating trauma by recognizing symptoms, planning for the future, integrating trauma experience with present life and stabilizing the individual following trauma

    The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on Youth Mental Health (August 2024):

    • The presentation notes the growing concern for youth mental health, highlighting programs focused on addressing social-economic factors, community education, digital support platforms for detecting mental health issues early, along with programmes focused on preventing violence against these individuals, like bullying and maltreatment.

    Summary of Psychotrauma

    • Psychotrauma is the psychological response to a traumatic event, leading to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
    • Trauma classifications, treatment protocols, neural underpinnings, and current approaches for community support are highlighted.

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    Introduction to Psychology of Trauma PDF

    Description

    This quiz provides an overview of the psychology of trauma, exploring key concepts and resources for further reading. It delves into psychotrauma, including various aspects such as the attraction to trauma and notable findings from researchers like van der Kolk. Additionally, it highlights important upcoming events such as the ISTSS Annual Meeting, focusing on contemporary issues in traumatic stress.

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