Psychology: Anxiety Disorders and Trauma

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

A fear of heights

Unwanted and irrational thoughts and behaviors (correct)

A preoccupation with a symptom

Washing hands for 20 seconds due to COVID-19 concerns

Which disorder is characterized by reliving a traumatic experience through flashbacks?

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Acute Stress Disorder

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (correct)

Conversion Disorder

What is the primary difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II?

Bipolar I has a mix of mania and depression, while Bipolar II has only depression

Bipolar I has more frequent episodes of mania, while Bipolar II has more frequent episodes of depression (correct)

Bipolar I has more severe depression, while Bipolar II has more severe mania

Bipolar I has only mania, while Bipolar II has only depression

What is a characteristic of Somatic Symptom Disorder?

A preoccupation with a symptom Signup and view all the answers

What is Factitious Disorder by Proxy?

A disorder in which individuals fabricate their child's illness Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Mania?

Feeling on top of the world and exhibiting risky behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder?

Anhedonia, or a loss of interest or pleasure Signup and view all the answers

What is Cyclotymia?

A type of Bipolar Disorder with less mania and less depression Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a coercive organization?

Individuals do not have a choice in being part of the group Signup and view all the answers

According to Max Weber's theory, what is the purpose of a hierarchy of authority?

To direct individual effort towards organization goal accomplishment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of impression management?

To manage all impressions and present a different self to different people Signup and view all the answers

What is a factor that contributes to attraction between individuals?

Proximity and sharing personal information Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of secure attachment?

The child cries when the mother leaves Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of McDonaldization?

Efficiency, Calculability, and Predictability Signup and view all the answers

What is the Iron Law of Oligarchy?

All organizations will become an oligarchy Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of verbal communication?

It involves the use of language to convey meaning Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cortisol in the body during times of stress?

It increases fat deposition in the central body Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of GABA in the nervous system?

To decrease cognitive processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the syndrome characterized by high cortisol levels, weight gain, and fatigue?

Crushner's syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the decrease in the production of white blood cells during times of stress?

Leukopenia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of myelination in the CNS?

Oligodendrocyte formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the nerve fibers that carry information from the senses to the CNS?

Afferent neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the division of the brain that includes the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes?

Cerebral cortex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of prototypes/models of behavior?

A father's attitude towards his child Signup and view all the answers

Which path to persuasion requires motivation to think and results in a lasting change in attitude?

Central route Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of cognitive dissonance?

An individual believes they are a good person but has discriminated against someone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way to relieve cognitive dissonance between an action and a belief?

Adding a new behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the cognitive component of an attitude?

Belief and knowledge about the attitude object Signup and view all the answers

According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, when is the peripheral route to persuasion more likely to occur?

When the receiver is not motivated and the message is ambiguous Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of cognitive dissonance?

Mental discomfort Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of past behavior?

An individual's previous behavior in a similar situation Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is responsible for controlling the endocrine system?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thalamus in the context of eating cake?

To send information about the taste and smell of cake to the relevant brain regions Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the positive stress experienced by Zack when preparing for a psychology exam?

Eustress Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary appraisal process involved in when a person encounters a stressor?

Deciding whether the stressor is harmful or helpful Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of stress caused by a flood or a major natural disaster?

Cataclysmic stress Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the amygdala in the context of eating cake?

To associate emotional experiences with eating cake Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of stress caused by a prolonged, ongoing problem, such as struggling to pay rent every month?

Chronic stress Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of stressor that is considered low-importance, such as noise pollution?

Ambient stressor Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anxiety Disorders

Panic disorder: panic attack, sympathetic activation
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD): obsessions, compulsions, unwanted and irrational thoughts (e.g., COVID- washing hands for 20 seconds, following a specific routine)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): flashbacks, reliving traumatic experiences, avoidance of stimuli (e.g., 9/11, sexual assault, war, divorced parents, childhood illness)
Acute Stress Disorder: lasts up to a month, traumatic car accident, reliving experiences

Somatic Symptom Disorders

Somatic Symptom Disorder: preoccupation with a symptom (e.g., his knee)
Illness Anxiety Disorder: anxiety about having a disease (e.g., hypochondriac, "I think I might have cancer")
Conversion Disorder: psychological trauma converted to physical symptoms (e.g., psychological event shut down the brain, becoming blind after witnessing a traumatic event)
Factitious Disorder: lying to be treated as sick, seeking attention and sympathy (e.g., making up a child's illness)
Factitious Disorder by Proxy: lying that someone else is sick, seeking attention and sympathy (e.g., making up a child's illness)

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar I: mania and depression, swinging from mania to depression (more severe, may not take medication due to manic episodes)
Bipolar II: depression, less manic than bipolar I (more likely to take medication due to mania, better outcomes)
Cyclothymia: less mania and less depression

Depressive Disorder

Major Depressive Disorder: must have anhedonia (loss of interest or pleasure), low self-esteem

Organizations

Normative Organizations: shared goals, no transactional ties (e.g., religious group, fraternity)
Coercive Organizations: individuals have no choice in being part of the group (e.g., Max Weber's Theory)
McDonaldization: efficiency, calculability, predictability, control (e.g., Iron Law of Oligarchy, all organizations become oligarchies)

Self-Presentation and Interacting with Others

Expressing and detecting emotion
The role of gender in the expression and detection of emotion
The role of culture in the expression and detection of emotion

Presentation of Self

Impression management: managing impressions with different people
Front stage (public) vs. back stage self (dramaturgical approach)
Verbal and nonverbal communication
Animal signals and communication

Attraction: proximity, sharing about oneself, physical shape, cultural style
Aggression: men more acceptable to be aggressive, testosterone linked to aggression
Attachment: secure attachment, attachment style
Altruism: doing something for others, even at one's own expense

General Adaptation Syndrome

Alarm: stress response
Resistance: coping with stress
Exhaustion: chronic stress response

Cortisol

Starvation response: increases hunger, blood sugar, fat deposition
Tiredness: conserve energy, decrease production of white blood cells
Stress impedes memory
Cushing's syndrome: high cortisol, weight gain, tiredness, fat deposition
Socioeconomic: high chronic stress, financial struggles

Neurotransmitters

GABA: inhibitory, decreases activity, shuts down, depresses cognitive process
Acetylcholine: CNS, PNS, muscle contraction, treatment for paralysis
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine: adrenaline
Dopamine: smooth movement, Parkinson's disease, low dopamine
Serotonin: mood, depression, SRI, dream, sleep eating
Glycine: inhibitory, amino acid
Glutamate: excitatory, amino acid
Endorphins: pain, exercise, counteracts cortisol

Myelin Sheath

CNS: spinal cord and brain, oligodendrocytes, myelination, no regeneration
PNS: everything else, Schwann's cells, myelination, limited regeneration

Brain Regions and Emotion

Limbic system: hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
Hypothalamus: controlling endocrine system
Thalamus: sensory relay station
Amygdala: emotion
Hippocampus: memory

Stress

Difficulty encountered in life, appraisal
Distress: negative stress, I don't have a car or a home
Eustress: positive stress, I figure out where to donate money because I'm a millionaire
Appraisal: depends on one's interpretation of the event
Types of stress: cataclysmic, personal, chronic, acute
Ambient stressor: noise pollution, low importance
Major life event: high importance, cancer
Appraisal: primary, secondary, past behavior, attitudes, subjective norms, intentions, willingness to engage in behavior

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Description

This quiz covers anxiety disorders, including panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder, as well as trauma and stressor-related disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder.