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Questions and Answers
What is a key function of eye tracking during reading?
What is a key function of eye tracking during reading?
What does fMRI primarily measure in relation to cognitive activity?
What does fMRI primarily measure in relation to cognitive activity?
Which aspect of virtual reality allows researchers to control variables effectively?
Which aspect of virtual reality allows researchers to control variables effectively?
Which process allows participants to respond as they read a word or phrase?
Which process allows participants to respond as they read a word or phrase?
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In word naming, what routes facilitate the transformation from orthographic to phonological representation?
In word naming, what routes facilitate the transformation from orthographic to phonological representation?
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What is the primary difference between reading and listening in terms of processing?
What is the primary difference between reading and listening in terms of processing?
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Which component is responsible for articulating utterances during language production?
Which component is responsible for articulating utterances during language production?
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What processing flow primarily characterizes comprehension in language?
What processing flow primarily characterizes comprehension in language?
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In language production, which process precedes the selection of words?
In language production, which process precedes the selection of words?
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What aspect of long-term memory is primarily concerned with the categorization of sounds as phonemes?
What aspect of long-term memory is primarily concerned with the categorization of sounds as phonemes?
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Which encoder is primarily responsible for determining the phonetic characteristics of selected words?
Which encoder is primarily responsible for determining the phonetic characteristics of selected words?
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How does the reliance on long-term memory impact language processing?
How does the reliance on long-term memory impact language processing?
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What term describes the sounds that do not change word meaning within a phoneme category?
What term describes the sounds that do not change word meaning within a phoneme category?
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Which component of a syllable is known as the nucleus?
Which component of a syllable is known as the nucleus?
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Which of the following properties does not belong to lexicology?
Which of the following properties does not belong to lexicology?
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Which aspect of language does syntax primarily deal with?
Which aspect of language does syntax primarily deal with?
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What does morphological analysis focus on in language?
What does morphological analysis focus on in language?
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What is primarily measured by the speed of word retrieval in Long Term Memory?
What is primarily measured by the speed of word retrieval in Long Term Memory?
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What aspect of language refers to how meaning varies based on the situation in which a word is used?
What aspect of language refers to how meaning varies based on the situation in which a word is used?
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When comparing the sentences 'boy sees shark' and 'shark sees boy', which linguistic feature is being altered?
When comparing the sentences 'boy sees shark' and 'shark sees boy', which linguistic feature is being altered?
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Which component is included in the mental lexicon that pertains to the letters forming a word?
Which component is included in the mental lexicon that pertains to the letters forming a word?
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What does lexical decision help to study in individuals?
What does lexical decision help to study in individuals?
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Which method directly assesses real-life linguistic behavior?
Which method directly assesses real-life linguistic behavior?
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Which route involves looking up a word's orthographic representation in the mental lexicon?
Which route involves looking up a word's orthographic representation in the mental lexicon?
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What primarily triggers the activation of semantic representation during picture naming?
What primarily triggers the activation of semantic representation during picture naming?
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What does grapheme-to-phoneme conversion refer to?
What does grapheme-to-phoneme conversion refer to?
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What aspect does word naming remove compared to lexical decision tasks?
What aspect does word naming remove compared to lexical decision tasks?
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Which of the following describes a pseudoword?
Which of the following describes a pseudoword?
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How is the phonological representation of a word typically generated?
How is the phonological representation of a word typically generated?
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What can affect how the mental lexicon is organized according to research findings?
What can affect how the mental lexicon is organized according to research findings?
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Which statement about sentence context and ambiguous words is accurate?
Which statement about sentence context and ambiguous words is accurate?
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Which factor leads to faster reaction times in lexical decision tasks?
Which factor leads to faster reaction times in lexical decision tasks?
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What is a characteristic of words with high neighbourhood density?
What is a characteristic of words with high neighbourhood density?
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In a lexical decision task, what effect does imageability have on reaction time?
In a lexical decision task, what effect does imageability have on reaction time?
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What is masked priming in the context of lexical decision?
What is masked priming in the context of lexical decision?
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Which of the following best defines semantic priming?
Which of the following best defines semantic priming?
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How does orthographic regularity influence reaction time?
How does orthographic regularity influence reaction time?
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Which task involves recalling action verbs presented previously?
Which task involves recalling action verbs presented previously?
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What is the purpose of the progressive demasking method?
What is the purpose of the progressive demasking method?
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Which statement about lexical decision and word frequency is true?
Which statement about lexical decision and word frequency is true?
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What does 'cross-modal priming' involve?
What does 'cross-modal priming' involve?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Psychology of Language
- Language can be studied at several levels, using different aims:
- Phonetics (raw sounds)
- Phonology (sound categories)
- Morphology (words and their formation)
- Semantics (meaning)
- Syntax (grammar)
- Pragmatics (language use)
- Discourse studies (language in interaction)
Definition of Language
- "A system of form-meaning pairings that can be used to intentionally communicate meaning"
- Language has a structure
- Language has various uses (modalities)
- Language has a purpose/communicative intent
- Language can be expressed in numerous forms
Different Levels Explained
- Form-meaning pairings: includes words, elements within words, and other smaller units
- Language use: spoken, heard, signed, seen, written, read.
- Acquisition, learning, and loss of language are processes
Intentional Communication
- Language is used for exchanging information
- Expressing feelings/emotions
- Getting others to do something
- Language's importance in communication sciences
Basic Assumptions
- Humans are embodied (bodies and senses are used in communication)
- Humans are embedded in social contexts/situations
- Humans possess mental models (representations of the external situation)
- Communication is incremental (information is processed piece by piece, building on each other throughout the communicative act)
Basic Assumptions Cont.
- Bodily communication plays crucial role (channels and their limitations (e.g., articulation speed, intonation))
- Both verbal and non-verbal communication are used
- Cognitive systems are not modular (information from different sources are combined)
- Communication takes place in context (social/cultural, language)
Language Without Sound (Sign Language)
- Handshape, location, orientation, movement are elements of sign language
- Learning phonemes in sign language, similar to spoken language acquisition in many ways
- Gestural origins of language (possible gestural stages before oral language)
- Importance of pointing in language evolution
Language User Framework
- Comprehension and production of language
- How language works in the human mind (e.g., language comprehension, production, memory)
- Different tasks related to language use
Language Research Techniques
- On-line tasks measure mental processes as they occur (e.g., eye movements, reaction times)
- Off-line tasks measure content/memory (e.g., memory studies, word recognition)
Lexical Decision
- Participants decide if a presented item is a word or not
- Factors affecting reaction time (RT): age of acquisition, frequency, length of the word.
Priming
- Target concept is preceded by word or sentence
- Similar/related concepts speed up recognition
Recognizing Spoken Words
- Process described in prelexical, then lexical
- Signal recognizer segments speech into phones/phonemes
- Spoken word recoginizer integrates phonemes, checks storage of similar words
- Importance of knowledge, context, & predictability
Recognizing Printed Words
- Logographic, syllabic, alphabetic writing systems
- Different meanings from similar scripts (e.g., languages like Japanese, including Kanji and other systems of writing)
Eye Tracking
- Device measures eye movements during reading or listening to speech
- Eye movements provide insight into perceptual span, fixation duration, & regressions
Neurophysiological Techniques
- fMRI measures brain activity changes to understand language-related processes
- Electroencephalogram (EEG) measures electrical activity, used to study event-related potentials (ERPs), which are waveforms related to specific events (e.g., incoming stimulus)
Models of Word Recognition
- TRACE model - localist, symbolic connectionist - uses concepts of bottom up and top-down activation in reading, links letter features, phonemes, and words together
- Cohort model - involves parallel activation of possible words as input in words' mental lexicon, and elimination of potential mismatches between input and words in storage
Multilink Model
- Designed for multilingual populations
- Assumes words from different languages are stored in one mental lexicon
- Computes similarity between input and stored representations
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Description
This quiz explores the various levels and definitions of language, focusing on phonetics, phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, pragmatics, and discourse studies. The role of language in intentional communication and its structured nature will also be examined. Test your understanding of how language is formed, used, and acquired across different modalities.
