Introduction to Psychology Midterm Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of glial cells in the brain?

  • Providing insulation for neurons (correct)
  • Generating electrical impulses
  • Creating neurotransmitters
  • Regulating blood flow

    • Which stage of sleep is characterized by rapid eye movement and is associated with dreaming?

  • Stage 3
  • Stage 4 (correct)
  • Stage 2
  • Stage 1

    • What does the term 'social desirability bias' refer to?

  • A bias in survey responses to appear favorable to others (correct)
  • A method of ensuring participant honesty in research
  • The tendency to exaggerate negative experiences
  • The inclination to provide socially unacceptable answers

    • Which of the following components are NOT part of the three components of emotion?

    <p>Motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an agonist in relation to neurotransmitters?

    <p>It increases the activity of neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the correlation coefficient between two variables is zero?

    <p>No correlation exists between the two variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum firing rate of a neuron without the volley principle?

    <p>1,000 times per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much of the body's blood supply does the brain utilize?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of feature detector cells in the brain?

    <p>To recognize basic features of visual objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a positive correlation from a negative correlation?

    <p>Positive correlation indicates both variables move in the same direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parts of the neuron are responsible for bringing information into the cell body?

    <p>Dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does neuroplasticity refer to?

    <p>The ability of the nervous system to reorganize in response to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sense is unique in that it does not pass through the thalamus?

    <p>Olfaction (smell)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for a neuron to generate an electrical impulse?

    <p>Excitatory input must exceed inhibitory input sufficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Gestalt psychologists primarily focus on?

    <p>The organization of visual input into meaningful patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue can arise from damage to the somatosensory cortex?

    <p>Phantom limb pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a spurious correlation?

    <p>A correlation that appears to be present but is not due to a third variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the bystander effect?

    <p>Crowd dynamics diminishing individual accountability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does amplitude signify in light and sound?

    <p>Loudness of sound and brightness of light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates white matter from gray matter in the brain?

    <p>White matter is myelinated while gray matter is unmyelinated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, what do UCS and UCR represent?

    <p>Unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes social loafing?

    <p>Decreased responsibility in group settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the frequency theory of hearing?

    <p>Firing rate of hair cells matches the frequency of sound waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of a waveform determines pitch in sound?

    <p>Frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause a spurious correlation between two factors?

    <p>A third confounding variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs of nearsightedness complications?

    <p>Retinal detachment, cataracts, glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is most characteristic of delayed conditioning?

    <p>The conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of the right hemisphere of the brain?

    <p>It looks at the big picture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of a waveform does amplitude relate to?

    <p>The brightness of light and loudness of sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory of emotion suggests that physiological arousal occurs first, leading to emotional feeling afterward?

    <p>James-Lange theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does frequency theory in hearing suggest?

    <p>The firing rate of hair cells mimics the sound wave frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of feature detector cells in the brain?

    <p>They recognize elementary features of visual objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) determine brain activity?

    <p>By focusing on the amount of oxygen in different brain regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the myelin sheath play in a neuron's functionality?

    <p>It facilitates faster transmission of electrical impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinction between trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory of color vision?

    <p>Trichromatic theory involves the processing by cones and opponent-process involves ganglion cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon can result from damage to the somatosensory cortex?

    <p>Phantom limb pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is neuroplasticity?

    <p>The capacity of the nervous system to reorganize itself in response to new stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does a sociocultural perspective influence behavior?

    <p>It indicates that behavior is influenced by cultural and social environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is needed for a neuron to fire an electrical impulse?

    <p>Excitatory inputs to be greater than inhibitory inputs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of neurons?

    <p>Motor, sensory, and interneuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of sensory adaptation?

    <p>To allow constant stimuli to be ignored while detecting changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are part of the limbic system?

    <p>Hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during REM sleep?

    <p>Intense brain activity and dreaming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is transduction in the context of sensory processing?

    <p>The process of converting sensory information into electrical impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description best fits accommodation in the context of vision?

    <p>The process of focusing light waves from varying distances on the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glial cells in the nervous system?

    <p>Providing insulation and cleanup of waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to neurotransmitter activity in the case of an antagonist?

    <p>Decreased activity of neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Psychology Midterm Study Guide

    • Scientific Method: Used to remove researcher bias and create repeatable processes to prove reliability.
    • Psychology: The science of human behavior and mental processes.
    • Multiple Sclerosis: Deterioration of the myelin sheath.
    • Agonist/Antagonist: Agonists increase neurotransmitter activity, antagonists decrease it.
    • Stages of Sleep: Sleep has four stages:
      • Stage 1: Hypnagogic twitch
      • Stage 2: Sleep spindles
      • Stage 3: Delta waves
      • Stage 4: Deep sleep (REM sleep and dreaming)

    Limbic System Structures

    • Limbic System Structures: Amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus are key structures.

    Depth Perception

    • Linear Perspective: Parallel lines appear to converge as they recede. This is a depth perception cue.

    Brain Blood Supply

    • Brain Blood Use: The brain uses 20% of the body's blood supply.

    Glial Cells

    • Glial Cell Functions: Support and insulate neurons, remove waste, and influence which neural connections get stronger/weaker.

    Neuron Firing

    • Maximum Neuron Firing Rate (without volley principle): 1,000 times per second.
    • Maximum Neuron Firing Rate (with volley principle): 5,000 times per second.
    • Neuron Types: Motor, sensory, and interneurons.

    Social Desirability Bias

    • Social Desirability Bias: A survey bias in which respondents tend to answer questions in a favorable light.

    Components of Emotion

    • Emotion Components: Cognitive, behavioral, and physiological.

    Correlation Coefficients

    • Correlation Coefficient (zero): Indicates no correlation between variables.

    Accommodation

    • Accommodation: The process of focusing light from different distances on the retina.

    Sensory Adaptation

    • Sensory Adaptation: Detects environmental changes easily.
    • Example: The ability to adapt to a constant smell.

    Transduction

    • Transduction: Converting sensory information into electrical impulses.

    Placebo Effect

    • Neurotransmitter Involved: Endorphins

    Dreams

    • Dream Characteristics: High emotional content, low rational content due to frontal lobe inactivity.

    Schemas

    • Schemas: Patterns of thought/behavior organizing information & relationships.

    Feature Detector Cells

    • Feature Detector Cells: Specialized brain cells identifying visual object's basic features and piecing them together to form a whole.

    fMRI Function

    • fMRI Function: Measures brain activity based on oxygen use by comparing how active different parts of the brain are.

    Gestalt Psychology

    • Gestalt Focus: How the brain automatically organizes visual input.

    Correlation Types

    • Positive Correlation: Both variables move in the same direction.
    • Negative Correlation: One variable increases, the other decreases.

    Parts of the Neuron

    • Dendrites: Receive information
    • Cell Body: Decision-making center, whether to generate an impulse.
    • Axon: Transmits electrical impulses.
    • Axon Terminals: Convert impulse to chemical signals communicating with other neurons.
    • Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath accelerating impulses.
    • Myelin Sheath: Insulation around the axon, speeding up the transmission.

    Opponent-Process Theory

    • Opponent-process theory (Color Vision): 3 types of cones, with pairs that work in opposing ways.

    Somatosensory Cortex Damage

    • Somatosensory Cortex Damage Effects: Phantom limb pain

    Sociocultural Perspective

    • Sociocultural Psychology: Behavior shaped by social surroundings, culture, religion, and ethnicity.

    Neuron Electrical Impulses

    • Neuron Excitatory Input: Excitatory input needs to outweigh inhibitory input for an electrical impulse.

    Neuroplasticity

    • Neuroplasticity: Nervous system's ability to reorganize in response to injury.

    Sense Without Thalamic Passage

    • Olfactory (Smell): The only sense bypassing the thalamus.

    Spurious Correlation

    • Spurious Correlation: Two variables seem linked but are not, a third variable is the cause.

    Bystander Effect

    • Bystander Effect: Individuals are less likely to offer help if others are present.

    Nearsightedness Risk

    • Nearsightedness Risk: Increased risk of retinal detachment, cataracts, and glaucoma.

    Classical Conditioning Components

    • Classical Conditioning Components: UCS, CS, NS, CR, UCR

    Brain Wave Ranges

    • Visual Light Range: 400-700nm

    Intelligent Brain Differences

    • Intelligent Brain Differences: Increased brain folds and Higher glial-to-neuron ratios specifically in the left parietal lobe are related to higher intelligence.

    Correlation Coefficient Values

    • Strong Correlation: Values close to -1 or +1.
    • Weak Correlation: Values closer to zero.

    Waveform Components

    • Waveform Components: Frequency, amplitude, wavelength

    Types of Waveforms Representation

    • Amplitude (Light/Sound): Brightness (light) or loudness (sound).
    • Frequency (Sound): Pitch

    Descriptive Methods

    • Descriptive Methods: Observation, case studies, surveys.

    Brain Matter (White/Gray)

    • White vs. Gray Matter: White matter is myelinated, gray matter is not.

    Emotional Theories

    • Cannon-Bard Theory: Simultaneous experience of physiological responses, behavioral responses, and feelings.
    • James-Lange Theory: Experience of emotional response follows the physiological response.
    • Schachter-Singer Theory: Physical arousal occurs first, followed by cognitive labeling/identification of the emotion resulting in the feeling.

    Social Loafing

    • Social Loafing: Reduced effort in groups compared to individual tasks.

    Conditioning Type

    • Effective Conditioning: Delayed conditioning works effectively.

    Auditory Cortex Frequency Processing

    • Low Frequency Processing: Near the front of the auditory cortex.
    • High Frequency Processing: Near the rear of the auditory cortex.

    Sleep Deprivation Effects

    • Sleep Deprivation Ill Effects: Immune suppression, weight gain, accident proneness, impaired concentration, and hallucinations.

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    Intro Psych Midterm Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Prepare effectively for your psychology midterm with this comprehensive study guide. Cover key concepts such as the scientific method, stages of sleep, limbic system structures, and more. This guide will help solidify your understanding of human behavior and mental processes.

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