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Questions and Answers
What type of research method is best for Shelley to assess the study habits of King's students across multiple activities?
In the study comparing coffee consumption and memory recall, what does the variable of staying up later represent?
Which correlation coefficients best represent the relationship indicated in the crime and education study, where increased education correlates with decreased crime?
If a researcher observes a relationship where more hours studying correlates with higher grades, which research method is best for confirming causation?
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What type of study is characterized by observing behavior in a natural environment without intervention?
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Which perspective emphasizes the unconscious mind and self-esteem in psychological problems?
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What is the focus of the social-cultural perspective in psychology?
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What characterizes collectivistic cultures in relation to personal goals?
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What is the main assertion of Monists in the context of psychology?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive psychological perspective?
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In the discussion between Dr.A and Dr.B regarding a patient's issues, which psychologist aligns with humanistic theory?
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Which of the following statements accurately represents the findings of structuralism and functionalism?
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What is one of the common criticisms of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
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What are the two components of psychology as described in the material?
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Which perspective emphasizes the role of cultural beliefs in behavior?
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What is a key focus of the biological perspective in psychology?
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Which of the following best describes the cognitive perspective?
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Which statement reflects a concept of behavioral genetics?
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Which level of analysis in psychology deals with individual psychological processes?
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What is a primary focus of the behavioral perspective in psychology?
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Which perspective might analyze the influence of childhood experiences on adult behavior?
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What does the heritability coefficient indicate?
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How can Haji and Seb have different IQs despite being identical twins?
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What is the probability that a given child shares any particular gene with their biological mother?
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In which mating system are males usually larger and more aggressive than females?
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What do the differences in hair color between two individuals with the dominant genes for brown hair reflect?
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Which of the following statements is false regarding reciprocal altruism?
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If a child is a fraternal twin, what is the likelihood they share any particular gene with their sibling?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between environment and genetics in behavioral development?
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What is the correct definition of an independent variable in an experimental study?
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Which type of measure assesses behavior without the participants' awareness?
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What is the purpose of random assignment in research studies?
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In the study of aggression among sports fans, what method is the psychologist using to measure behavior?
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In Dr. Study-Hard's experiment, which option represents the independent variable?
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To predict behavioral problems in children as adolescents, what research method would be most suitable?
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What is an operational definition in research?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a representative sample?
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Study Notes
What is Psychology?
- Psychology is the study of observable behavior and mental and physiological processes
- Three levels of analysis:
- Biological - how brain and body affect behaviour
- Individual/Psychological - mental processes
- Environmental - external factors influencing behaviour
Perspectives on Behavior
-
Biological: focus on brain and body processes
- Example: Neurotransmitters affecting mood
-
Cognitive: focus on thinking, processing, and retrieving information
- Example: Learning and memory
-
Behavioral: focus on observable behavior and learning through consequences
- Example: Classical conditioning, operant conditioning
-
Psychodynamic: focus on unconscious processes and early childhood experiences
- Example: Defense mechanisms
-
Humanistic: focus on self-actualization, free will, and finding meaning in life
- Example: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Rogers' client-centered therapy
-
Sociocultural: focus on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
- Example: Cultural norms, collectivism vs. individualism
Biological Perspective
- Focuses on the brain, nervous system, and other biological factors that influence behavior.
- Key areas of interest:
- Monism vs. Dualism
- Behavioral genetics
- Evolutionary psychology
Cognitive Perspective
- Focus on how people process, store, and retrieve information.
- Key areas of interest:
- Structuralism vs. Functionalism
- Gestalt psychology
- Piaget's theory of cognitive development
Behavioral Perspective
- Focus on how behavior is learned through observable responses and consequences.
- Key areas of interest:
- Classical Conditioning
- Learning through consequences (operant conditioning)
- Key figures: Watson, Skinner, John Locke (Tabula Rasa)
Social-Cultural Perspective
- Focus on how behavior and thinking vary across different situations and cultures.
- Key areas of interest:
- Individualism vs. Collectivism
- Social Norms
- Cultural influences on behavior
Psychodynamic Perspective vs. Humanistic Perspective
-
Psychodynamic:
- Focuses on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences.
- Key figure: Freud
-
Humanistic:
- Focuses on self-esteem, free will, and finding meaning in life.
- Key figures: Maslow, Rogers
Research Methods
- Independent variable: The variable that is manipulated by the researcher.
- Dependent variable: The variable that is measured by the researcher.
- Unobtrusive measures: Observe and assess behaviors without participants' awareness.
- Random assignment: Assigning participants to groups randomly to ensure equal representation.
Types of Research
- Case study: In-depth study of a single individual or small group.
- Experiment: Manipulates an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable.
- Correlation: Measure the relationship between two or more variables.
- Naturalistic observation: Observe behavior in a natural setting without intervention.
- Survey: Collect data from a large sample of people using questionnaires or interviews.
Heritability
- Heritability coefficient: Indicates how much variation within a group can be attributed to genetic differences.
- Inherited Reaction Range: Genetic influence sets a range for a trait but environmental factors determine where within that range individuals fall.
Terms and Concepts
- Phenotype: Observable characteristics of an individual.
- Genotype: Genetic makeup of an individual.
- Concordance: The probability of two individuals sharing a trait.
Mating Systems
- Polyandrous: One female mates with multiple males.
- Monogamous: One male mates with one female.
- Polygynous: One male mates with multiple females.
- Polygamous: Refers to both polyandrous and polygynous mating systems.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of psychology, including its definitions and various perspectives on behavior. Topics include biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, and sociocultural approaches. Perfect for students seeking to understand psychological principles.
