Introduction to Psychology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a goal of psychology as a science?

  • Interpretation (correct)
  • Explanation
  • Prediction
  • Description

    • What does the term 'covert behavior' refer to in the context of psychology?

  • Behaviors that are influenced by cultural norms
  • Hidden, non-observable mental processes (correct)
  • Observable actions and reactions
  • Behaviors that are learned through observation

    • A psychologist observes that a student is consistently arriving late to class. What is the next step in the scientific process, according to the text?

  • Ignore the behavior as it's not a major concern
  • Conclude that the student is disrespectful
  • Develop a theory to explain the student's behavior (correct)
  • Conduct an experiment to test a possible explanation

    • Which of the following is an example of a 'mental process' as defined in the text?

    <p>Feeling anxious before a test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does psychology differ from studying behavior using common sense?

    <p>Psychology relies on empirical data and scientific methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of 'description' in the scientific study of psychology?

    <p>To observe and document behavior in detail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A psychologist develops a theory explaining why some students are more likely to procrastinate on assignments. What is the next logical step in the scientific process?

    <p>Conduct an experiment to test the theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text mentions that a teacher observes a student behaving oddly in class. What is the teacher trying to achieve by observing this behavior?

    <p>Determining what is causing the student's behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of learning to distinguish between similar stimuli called?

    <p>Stimulus discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of spontaneous recovery?

    <p>The conditioned response is stronger than the original response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the scenario of a child getting shocked by a toy plugged into an outlet?

    <p>The shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the conditioned response (CR) in the scenario of a child getting shocked by a toy plugged into an outlet?

    <p>The child’s fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a dog is conditioned to salivate to a dinner bell, but then the dinner bell is presented repeatedly without the food, what will happen to the dog's salivation response?

    <p>The salivation response will gradually decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the scenario of a child getting shocked by a toy plugged into an outlet, what would be considered the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

    <p>The toy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stimulus discrimination differ from stimulus generalization?

    <p>Stimulus discrimination is the ability to differentiate between stimuli, while stimulus generalization is the tendency to respond similarly to all stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

    <p>Classical conditioning involves associating two stimuli, while operant conditioning involves associating a behavior with a consequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily differentiates the early schools of psychology?

    <p>Their object of study, goals, and methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of study was commonly used by early schools of psychology?

    <p>Introspection and observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of the early schools of psychology?

    <p>To analyze the components of the mind or behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the psychodynamic perspective?

    <p>It emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant lesson was learned from the early schools of psychology?

    <p>Different perspectives can explain the same behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In modern psychology, what perspective emphasizes psychological growth and self-actualization?

    <p>Humanistic perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these perspectives is most concerned with the influence of biological factors on behavior?

    <p>Biological perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of psychology do the modern schools reflect?

    <p>Several views on human behavior and mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the role of 'set' or 'expectancy' in perception?

    <p>A student who is studying for a test is more likely to notice words related to the subject matter than words related to other topics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a person who is thirsty be more likely to notice a water fountain than someone who is not thirsty?

    <p>The person who is thirsty has a motive or need that makes them more likely to attend to stimuli that could satisfy that need.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following BEST describes the difference between how individuals perceive a football game based on their motives and needs?

    <p>A person who is a fan of the team will perceive the game as more exciting than someone who is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When looking at the symbol "13" in a row of letters and then in a row of numbers, why do you perceive it differently?

    <p>The brain interprets the symbol differently based on the surrounding context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?

    <p>Reinforcement occurs at unpredictable time intervals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important takeaway from the examples given about perception and its relationship to internal psychological states?

    <p>Perception is a complex process that is influenced by a variety of factors, including internal psychological states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key psychological factor influencing perception, as explained in the text?

    <p>Cognitive biases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to the effectiveness of punishment?

    <p>Duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might punishment be ineffective according to common issues related to its application?

    <p>Punishment is often administered inconsistently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary punisher?

    <p>Extreme cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs as a result of shifting from continuous reinforcement to none at all?

    <p>The response may stop abruptly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential emotional response of individuals who receive punishment?

    <p>Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the brightness constancy of a white shirt in dim light?

    <p>The presence of nonwhite objects in the same light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do primary punishers differ from secondary punishers?

    <p>Primary punishers are inherently aversive, while secondary punishers are learned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the Muller-Lyer illusion, why do the lines appear to have different lengths?

    <p>The brain interprets perspectives within the visual cue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the moon appear larger when it is at the horizon according to the explanation given?

    <p>It is perceived in relation to other objects on the ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What visual cue led the man to initially perceive the insect as a monstrous animal?

    <p>Size constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main psychological principle demonstrated by visual illusions?

    <p>Perceptual inaccuracies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does relative distance play in the perception of lines in the Muller-Lyer illusion?

    <p>It leads to misinterpretation of size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the perception of a white shirt?

    <p>Its brightness is affected by surrounding colors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does perception relate to sensation according to the discussion?

    <p>Perception is the interpretation and organization of sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter Overview

    • This chapter introduces concepts of motivation and emotion
    • Focuses on definitions, types, theories, conflicts of motives, and theories of emotion

    Learning Appetizer

    • Quote from Abraham Maslow about not fearing mistakes
    • Questions for reflection on behavior, actions, conflicts, and resolving conflicts.

    Learning Outcomes

    • Define motivation
    • Identify two types of motivation
    • Compare different theories of motivation
    • Explain different types of conflicts of motives
    • Define emotion
    • Discuss three elements of emotion
    • Discuss different theories of emotion

    5.1. Motivation

    5.1.1. Definition and types of motivation

    • Motivation: Factors affecting initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior
    • Intrinsic motivation: Internal reward or satisfaction
    • Extrinsic motivation: External reward or consequence

    5.1.2. Approaches to Motivation

    • Instinct approach: Innate patterns of behavior
    • Drive-reduction approach: Needs create internal tension (drive) that motivates behavior to reduce tension
    • Arousal approach: Maintaining optimal levels of excitement or stimulation
    • Incentive approach: External stimuli motivates behavior
    • Cognitive approach: Thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals.

    5.1.3. Conflict of Motives

    • Approach-approach conflict: Choosing between two desirable options
    • Avoidance-avoidance conflict: Choosing between two undesirable options
    • Approach-avoidance conflict: A single option has both positive and negative aspects
    • Multiple approach-avoidance conflict: Choosing among multiple options with both desirable and undesirable features

    5.2. Emotions

    5.2.1. Definition of Emotion

    • Overview of emotion: Physiology, behavior, and subjective experience.

    5.2.2. Theories of Emotion

    • James-Lange theory: Physiological arousal precedes emotion
    • Cannon-Bard theory: Physiological arousal and emotion occur simultaneously
    • Schachter-Singer (Two-Factor) theory: Physiological arousal and cognitive labeling combine to create emotion

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