Psychology Chapter 1 Quiz

Chapter 1: Introducing the World of Psychology

• Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
• Critical thinking involves asking questions, evaluating evidence, and reaching conclusions logically.
• Modern psychology has five domains: biological, cognitive, developmental, social/personality, and mental/physical health. Each views behavior and mental processes through a unique lens.
• Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) ensure research studies meet ethical standards and protect participants.
• Ethical research considers privacy, confidentiality, informed consent, and protection from harm.
• The scientific method has five steps: forming a question, creating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, analyzing data, and reporting findings (for review and replication).
• A hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables.
• Descriptive research methods include observational studies, self-reports (surveys/interviews), and case studies.
• Correlation studies examine relationships between variables. Positive correlations show that as one variable increases, the other does too; conversely negative correlations show that as one variable increases the other decreases.
• Correlation studies are not about causation. Directionality and third variables can influence the relationship between variables.

Chapter 7: Memory – Guiding Questions

• Memory is the ability to store and retrieve information over time.
• The three processes of memory are encoding, storing, and retrieving.
• Selective attention allows focusing on one piece of information while ignoring others.
• Memory has three types according to the Atkinson & Shiffrin model: sensory, short-term, and long-term, each differing in terms of capacity and duration.
• Working memory involves actively processing information.
• Chunking involves grouping information into meaningful units to aid memory.
• Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating information while elaborative rehearsal connects new information to existing knowledge to improve long-term storage.
• Memory effects include primacy (remembering items at the beginning of a list) and recency (remembering items at the end of a list).
• Networks of associated nodes are used to store and retrieve information.
• Different types of memory include explicit (requiring conscious recall, like episodic and semantic) and implicit (not requiring conscious recall) memory. Examples of implicit memory include procedural memory.
• Explicit memory includes prospective memory, which pertains to remembering to perform an action in the future.
• Memory processes like consolidation and reconsolidation strengthen and update memories.
• Retrieval cues help recall information, and context and emotional states can influence memory.
• Factors affecting memory include proactive and retroactive interference, blocking, absentmindedness, memory bias, and misattribution. Suggestibility is another factor impacting memory recall.