Introduction to Physiology

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

To store genetic information

To allow some substances to pass through while excluding others (correct)

To serve as the control center of the cell

To provide energy for cellular processes

Which of the following structures contributes to the maintenance of cell shape and movement?

Cytoskeleton (correct)

Cell membrane

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

What is the composition of chromatin found in the nucleus?

DNA and proteins (correct)

RNA and proteins

Lipids and carbohydrates

Electrolytes and glucose

What does the cytoplasm primarily consist of?

Cytosol, dissolved proteins, electrolytes, and glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the function of the nucleolus?

It is involved in producing ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of physiology?

The study of normal body functions Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cell is responsible for separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm?

Nuclear membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest structural unit capable of independent life processes called?

Cell Signup and view all the answers

In multi-cellular organisms, what do groups of cells form?

Organs or tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the cytoplasm?

It contains intracellular organelles Signup and view all the answers

Which component is not typically studied in cell physiology?

Organ systems Signup and view all the answers

What essential function does the plasma membrane serve?

Separation from surrounding fluids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a vital process performed by cells in uni-cellular organisms?

Movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Synthesize new protein molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the Golgi apparatus?

It is prominent in secretory cells for extrusion of substances. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of mitochondria within the cell?

Production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What types of substances can peroxisomes oxidize?

Potentially harmful substances Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly distinguishes rough ER from smooth ER?

Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What prevents lysosomal enzymes from digesting other substances in the cell?

A protective membrane surrounding the lysosome Signup and view all the answers

How does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum contribute to cellular function?

By synthesizing lipid substances Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines the function of lysosomes?

They digest damaged cellular structures and food particles. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Galala University Faculty of Nursing
Fall 2024
Physiology is the study of normal body functions.
The study of the normal functions of a living organism.

Intended Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lecture:
- Students should be able to define physiology.
- Recognize the physiology of the cell.
- Know the structure of the cell membrane and cytoskeleton.
- Study the structure and function of the cell.
- Know the structure of the nucleolus.
- Study the cytoplasm and its organelles.

Human Body Parts

The hierarchy of the human body:
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ system
- Organism

The Physiology of the Cell

Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living organisms.
Cells are the smallest structural and functional units of tissues.

In Uni-cellular Organisms

Cells in uni-cellular organisms (e.g., amoeba) handle all essential life processes, including respiration, digestion, movement, and reproduction.

In Multi-cellular Organisms

In multi-cellular organisms (e.g., humans):
- Cells work together to form tissues, organs, and organ systems.
- Each cell maintains its own life functions.

Cell Structure

The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane.
The cytoplasm is separated from the surrounding fluids by a cell membrane.
Organelles are also present within the cytoplasm.

The Cell Membrane

The basic structure of the cell membrane is a lipid bilayer that is semi-permeable.
Substances pass through the membrane, while others are excluded.
Large globular protein molecules are interspersed within the lipid bilayer.

The Cytoskeleton

All cells have a cytoskeleton, a network of fibers.
The cytoskeleton maintains cell structure and allows for changes in shape and movement.

The Nucleus

The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
It contains DNA, which are the genes.
The genes determine the cell's characteristics.
The nucleolus is an accumulation of RNA and proteins.

The Cytoplasm

The cytosol, the fluid component of the cytoplasm, contains dissolved proteins, electrolytes, and glucose.
Important organelles are dispersed within the cytoplasm.

Cytoplasmic Organelles

Endoplasmic Reticulum:
- Rough ER, studded with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins.
- Smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
Golgi Apparatus:
- Closely related to the endoplasmic reticulum.
- Prominent in secretory cells, and involved in exocytosis.
Mitochondria:
- Called the "powerhouses" of the cell.
- Produce ATP (energy-rich compound) through oxidative phosphorylation.
Lysosomes:
- Contain hydrolytic enzymes to digest cellular waste, damaged structures, and ingested materials.
- The membrane isolates digestive enzymes.
Peroxisomes:
- Contain enzymes (oxidases) to neutralize harmful substances.

Additional Questions/Information

Difference between rough and smooth ER:
Contents of the nucleolus:
Why mitochondria are called the powerhouses:
Function of peroxisomes:

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of physiology, focusing on the structure and function of cells and their hierarchies within the human body. Students will learn about the cell membrane, cytoskeleton, and organelles, enhancing their understanding of normal body functions. Designed for Fall 2024 at Galala University's Faculty of Nursing.

Introduction to Physiology - Galala University

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