Introduction to Physiology - Galala University
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

  • To store genetic information
  • To allow some substances to pass through while excluding others (correct)
  • To serve as the control center of the cell
  • To provide energy for cellular processes

    • Which of the following structures contributes to the maintenance of cell shape and movement?

  • Cytoskeleton (correct)
  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm

    • What is the composition of chromatin found in the nucleus?

  • DNA and proteins (correct)
  • RNA and proteins
  • Lipids and carbohydrates
  • Electrolytes and glucose

    • What does the cytoplasm primarily consist of?

    <p>Cytosol, dissolved proteins, electrolytes, and glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the function of the nucleolus?

    <p>It is involved in producing ribosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of physiology?

    <p>The study of normal body functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cell is responsible for separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm?

    <p>Nuclear membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest structural unit capable of independent life processes called?

    <p>Cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In multi-cellular organisms, what do groups of cells form?

    <p>Organs or tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the cytoplasm?

    <p>It contains intracellular organelles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is not typically studied in cell physiology?

    <p>Organ systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential function does the plasma membrane serve?

    <p>Separation from surrounding fluids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a vital process performed by cells in uni-cellular organisms?

    <p>Movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Synthesize new protein molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>It is prominent in secretory cells for extrusion of substances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of mitochondria within the cell?

    <p>Production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of substances can peroxisomes oxidize?

    <p>Potentially harmful substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly distinguishes rough ER from smooth ER?

    <p>Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents lysosomal enzymes from digesting other substances in the cell?

    <p>A protective membrane surrounding the lysosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum contribute to cellular function?

    <p>By synthesizing lipid substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines the function of lysosomes?

    <p>They digest damaged cellular structures and food particles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    What is the function of the cell membrane?

    The cell membrane's basic structure is a lipid bilayer; it regulates what enters and exits the cell, allowing some substances to pass while blocking others.

    What is the cytoskeleton?

    A network of fibers that provides structural support, allows the cell to change shape, and enables movement.

    What is the nucleus?

    The control center of the cell. It contains DNA (genes) that determine cellular characteristics.

    What is cytosol?

    The clear fluid portion of the cytoplasm, containing dissolved proteins, electrolytes, and glucose.

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    What is the nucleolus?

    Large, round organelles within the nucleus that synthesize ribosomes.

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    What is Physiology?

    The study of normal functions of a living organism, exploring how different parts of the body work together to maintain life.

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    What is a cell?

    The smallest unit of life that can function independently. It forms the building block for all living organisms.

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    What is the cell membrane?

    A barrier separating the inside of the cell from its surroundings. It controls what enters and exits the cell.

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    What is cytoplasm?

    The jelly-like substance within the cell membrane, containing various organelles and serving as a medium for chemical reactions.

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    What are organelles?

    Specialized structures within the cytoplasm that perform specific functions to keep the cell alive and functioning.

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    Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

    A network of interconnected membranes, containing ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and transport.

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    Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

    Part of the endoplasmic reticulum lacking ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

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    Golgi Apparatus

    A stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs involved in processing, packaging, and sorting proteins and lipids.

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    Mitochondria

    The powerhouse of the cell; responsible for energy production through ATP synthesis.

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    Lysosomes

    Membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes that break down cellular waste, damaged organelles, and foreign substances.

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    Peroxisomes

    Small, membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes involved in detoxification, such as breaking down harmful substances like hydrogen peroxide.

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    The Nucleolus

    The site of ribosome synthesis within the nucleus.

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    Nuclear Membrane

    The membrane that encloses the nucleus and regulates the movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

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    Study Notes

    Introduction to Physiology

    • Galala University Faculty of Nursing
    • Fall 2024
    • Physiology is the study of normal body functions.
    • The study of the normal functions of a living organism.

    Intended Learning Outcomes

    • By the end of this lecture:
      • Students should be able to define physiology.
      • Recognize the physiology of the cell.
      • Know the structure of the cell membrane and cytoskeleton.
      • Study the structure and function of the cell.
      • Know the structure of the nucleolus.
      • Study the cytoplasm and its organelles.

    Human Body Parts

    • The hierarchy of the human body:
      • Cell
      • Tissue
      • Organ
      • Organ system
      • Organism

    The Physiology of the Cell

    • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living organisms.
    • Cells are the smallest structural and functional units of tissues.

    In Uni-cellular Organisms

    • Cells in uni-cellular organisms (e.g., amoeba) handle all essential life processes, including respiration, digestion, movement, and reproduction.

    In Multi-cellular Organisms

    • In multi-cellular organisms (e.g., humans):
      • Cells work together to form tissues, organs, and organ systems.
      • Each cell maintains its own life functions.

    Cell Structure

    • The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane.
    • The cytoplasm is separated from the surrounding fluids by a cell membrane.
    • Organelles are also present within the cytoplasm.

    The Cell Membrane

    • The basic structure of the cell membrane is a lipid bilayer that is semi-permeable.
    • Substances pass through the membrane, while others are excluded.
    • Large globular protein molecules are interspersed within the lipid bilayer.

    The Cytoskeleton

    • All cells have a cytoskeleton, a network of fibers.
    • The cytoskeleton maintains cell structure and allows for changes in shape and movement.

    The Nucleus

    • The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
    • It contains DNA, which are the genes.
    • The genes determine the cell's characteristics.
    • The nucleolus is an accumulation of RNA and proteins.

    The Cytoplasm

    • The cytosol, the fluid component of the cytoplasm, contains dissolved proteins, electrolytes, and glucose.
    • Important organelles are dispersed within the cytoplasm.

    Cytoplasmic Organelles

    • Endoplasmic Reticulum:
      • Rough ER, studded with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins.
      • Smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
    • Golgi Apparatus:
      • Closely related to the endoplasmic reticulum.
      • Prominent in secretory cells, and involved in exocytosis.
    • Mitochondria:
      • Called the "powerhouses" of the cell.
      • Produce ATP (energy-rich compound) through oxidative phosphorylation.
    • Lysosomes:
      • Contain hydrolytic enzymes to digest cellular waste, damaged structures, and ingested materials.
      • The membrane isolates digestive enzymes.
    • Peroxisomes:
      • Contain enzymes (oxidases) to neutralize harmful substances.

    Additional Questions/Information

    • Difference between rough and smooth ER:
    • Contents of the nucleolus:
    • Why mitochondria are called the powerhouses:
    • Function of peroxisomes:

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    Physiology Lecture Notes PDF - Fall 2024 - GALALA University

    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of physiology, focusing on the structure and function of cells and their hierarchies within the human body. Students will learn about the cell membrane, cytoskeleton, and organelles, enhancing their understanding of normal body functions. Designed for Fall 2024 at Galala University's Faculty of Nursing.

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